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GDP and economic growth (6 indicators)
Economic growth: the rate of change of real GDP
Coverage      Definition
Annual percentage growth rate of GDP at market prices based on constant local currency. Aggregates are based on constant 2010 U.S. dollars. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources.
Gross Domestic Product, billions of 2010 U.S. dollars
Coverage      Definition
GDP at purchasers prices is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in constant 2010 U.S. dollars. Dollar figures for GDP are converted from domestic currencies using 2010 official exchange rates. For a few countries where the official exchange rate does not reflect the rate effectively applied to actual foreign exchange transactions, an alternative conversion factor is used.
Gross Domestic Product, billions of U.S. dollars
Coverage      Definition
GDP at purchaser's prices is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Dollar figures for GDP are converted from domestic currencies using single year official exchange rates. For a few countries where the official exchange rate does not reflect the rate effectively applied to actual foreign exchange transactions, an alternative conversion factor is used.
GDP per capita, current U.S. dollars
Coverage      Definition
GDP per capita is gross domestic product divided by midyear population. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
GDP per capita, Purchasing Power Parity
Coverage      Definition
GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP). PPP GDP is gross domestic product converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GDP as the U.S. dollar has in the United States. GDP at purchaser's prices is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in constant 2011 international dollars.
GDP per capita, constant 2010 dollars
Coverage      Definition
GDP per capita is gross domestic product divided by midyear population. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in constant 2010 U.S. dollars.
GDP components and structure (14 indicators)
Capital investment as percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
Gross capital formation (formerly gross domestic investment) consists of outlays on additions to the fixed assets of the economy plus net changes in the level of inventories. Fixed assets include land improvements (fences, ditches, drains, and so on); plant, machinery, and equipment purchases; and the construction of roads, railways, and the like, including schools, offices, hospitals, private residential dwellings, and commercial and industrial buildings. Inventories are stocks of goods held by firms to meet temporary or unexpected fluctuations in production or sales, and "work in progress." According to the 1993 SNA, net acquisitions of valuables are also considered capital formation.
Capital investment, billion USD
Coverage      Definition
Gross capital formation (formerly gross domestic investment) consists of outlays on additions to the fixed assets of the economy plus net changes in the level of inventories. Fixed assets include land improvements (fences, ditches, drains, and so on); plant, machinery, and equipment purchases; and the construction of roads, railways, and the like, including schools, offices, hospitals, private residential dwellings, and commercial and industrial buildings. Inventories are stocks of goods held by firms to meet temporary or unexpected fluctuations in production or sales, and "work in progress." According to the 1993 SNA, net acquisitions of valuables are also considered capital formation. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Household consumption as percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
Household final consumption expenditure (formerly private consumption) is the market value of all goods and services, including durable products (such as cars, washing machines, and home computers), purchased by households. It excludes purchases of dwellings but includes imputed rent for owner-occupied dwellings. It also includes payments and fees to governments to obtain permits and licenses. Here, household consumption expenditure includes the expenditures of nonprofit institutions serving households, even when reported separately by the country. This item also includes any statistical discrepancy in the use of resources relative to the supply of resources.
Household consumption, billion USD
Coverage      Definition
Household final consumption expenditure (formerly private consumption) is the market value of all goods and services, including durable products (such as cars, washing machines, and home computers), purchased by households. It excludes purchases of dwellings but includes imputed rent for owner-occupied dwellings. It also includes payments and fees to governments to obtain permits and licenses. Here, household consumption expenditure includes the expenditures of nonprofit institutions serving households, even when reported separately by the country. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Household debt to GDP, in percent
Coverage      Definition
The total outstanding debt of households to banks and other financial institutions as percent of GDP.
Savings as percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
Gross savings are calculated as gross national income less total consumption, plus net transfers.
Savings, billion USD
Coverage      Definition
Gross savings are calculated as gross national income less total consumption, plus net transfers. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Value added by industry as percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
Industry corresponds to ISIC divisions 10-45 and includes manufacturing (ISIC divisions 15-37). It comprises value added in mining, manufacturing (also reported as a separate subgroup), construction, electricity, water, and gas. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3 or 4.
Value added by the manufacturing sector as percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
Manufacturing refers to industries belonging to ISIC divisions 15-37. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3. Note: For VAB countries, gross value added at factor cost is used as the denominator.
Value added in the services sector as percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
Services correspond to ISIC divisions 50-99 and they include value added in wholesale and retail trade (including hotels and restaurants), transport, and government, financial, professional, and personal services such as education, health care, and real estate services. Also included are imputed bank service charges, import duties, and any statistical discrepancies noted by national compilers as well as discrepancies arising from rescaling. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The industrial origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3 or 4.
Industry value added, billion USD
Coverage      Definition
Industry corresponds to ISIC divisions 10-45 and includes manufacturing (ISIC divisions 15-37). It comprises value added in mining, manufacturing (also reported as a separate subgroup), construction, electricity, water, and gas. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Manufacturing value added, billion USD
Coverage      Definition
Manufacturing refers to industries belonging to ISIC divisions 15-37. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Services value added, billion USD
Coverage      Definition
Services correspond to ISIC divisions 50-99. They include value added in wholesale and retail trade (including hotels and restaurants), transport, and government, financial, professional, and personal services such as education, health care, and real estate services. Also included are imputed bank service charges, import duties, and any statistical discrepancies noted by national compilers as well as discrepancies arising from rescaling. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The industrial origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3 or 4. Data are in constant 2010 U.S. dollars.
Shadow economy, percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
The shadow economy as percent of total annual GDP. Detailed methodology of the estimations can be obtained from the following International Monetary Fund working paper by Leandro Medina and Friedrich Schneider (2018): Shadow Economies Around the World: What Did We Learn Over the Last 20 Years?
Money and inflation (2 indicators)
Inflation: percent change in the Consumer Price Index
Coverage      Definition
Inflation as measured by the consumer price index reflects the annual percentage change in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at specified intervals, such as yearly. The Laspeyres formula is generally used.
Exchange rate: local currency units per U.S. dollar
Coverage      Definition
Official exchange rate refers to the exchange rate determined by national authorities or to the rate determined in the legally sanctioned exchange market. It is calculated as an annual average based on monthly averages (local currency units relative to the U.S. dollar).
Labor markets, employment, unemployment (10 indicators)
Labor force, million people
Coverage      Definition
Labor force comprises people ages 15 and older who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period. It includes people who are currently employed and people who are unemployed but seeking work as well as first-time job-seekers. Not everyone who works is included, however. Unpaid workers, family workers, and students are often omitted, and some countries do not count members of the armed forces. Labor force size tends to vary during the year as seasonal workers enter and leave.
Unemployment rate
Coverage      Definition
Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment.
Unemployment rate for females
Coverage      Definition
Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment.
Unemployment rate for males
Coverage      Definition
Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment.
Youth unemployment, ages 15-24
Coverage      Definition
Youth unemployment refers to the share of the labor force ages 15-24 without work but available for and seeking employment.
Labor force participation rate
Coverage      Definition
Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.
Labor force, percent female
Coverage      Definition
Female labor force as a percentage of the total show the extent to which women are active in the labor force. Labor force comprises people ages 15 and older who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.
Female labor force participation rate
Coverage      Definition
Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.
Male labor force participation rate
Coverage      Definition
Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.
Dependent people as percent of the working age population
Coverage      Definition
Age dependency ratio is the ratio of dependents--people younger than 15 or older than 64--to the working-age population--those ages 15-64. Data are shown as the proportion of dependents per 100 working-age population.
International trade and investment (17 indicators)
Terms of trade, base year = 2000
Coverage      Definition
Net barter terms of trade index is calculated as the percentage ratio of the export unit value indexes to the import unit value indexes, measured relative to the base year 2000. Unit value indexes are based on data reported by countries that demonstrate consistency under UNCTAD quality controls, supplemented by UNCTAD's estimates using the previous year’s trade values at the Standard International Trade Classification three-digit level as weights. To improve data coverage, especially for the latest periods, UNCTAD constructs a set of average prices indexes at the three-digit product classification of the Standard International Trade Classification revision 3 using UNCTAD’s Commodity Price Statistics, interna­tional and national sources, and UNCTAD secretariat estimates and calculates unit value indexes at the country level using the current year's trade values as weights.
Trade openness: exports plus imports as percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
Exports plus imports as percent of GDP.
Exports of goods and services as percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
Exports of goods and services represent the value of all goods and other market services provided to the rest of the world. They include the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services, such as communication, construction, financial, information, business, personal, and government services. They exclude compensation of employees and investment income (formerly called factor services) and transfer payments.
Exports of goods and services, billion USD
Coverage      Definition
Exports of goods and services represent the value of all goods and other market services provided to the rest of the world. They include the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services, such as communication, construction, financial, information, business, personal, and government services. They exclude compensation of employees and investment income (formerly called factor services) and transfer payments. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Exports of goods and services, annual growth
Coverage      Definition
Annual growth rate of exports of goods and services based on constant local currency. Aggregates are based on constant 2010 U.S. dollars. Exports of goods and services represent the value of all goods and other market services provided to the rest of the world. They include the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services, such as communication, construction, financial, information, business, personal, and government services. They exclude compensation of employees and investment income (formerly called factor services) and transfer payments.
Imports of goods and services as percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
Imports of goods and services represent the value of all goods and other market services received from the rest of the world. They include the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services, such as communication, construction, financial, information, business, personal, and government services. They exclude compensation of employees and investment income (formerly called factor services) and transfer payments.
Imports of goods and services, billion USD
Coverage      Definition
Imports of goods and services represent the value of all goods and other market services received from the rest of the world. They include the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services, such as communication, construction, financial, information, business, personal, and government services. They exclude compensation of employees and investment income (formerly called factor services) and transfer payments. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Foreign Direct Investment, percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
Foreign direct investment are the net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of payments. This series shows net inflows (new investment inflows less disinvestment) in the reporting economy from foreign investors, and is divided by GDP.
Foreign Direct Investment, billion USD
Coverage      Definition
Foreign direct investment refers to direct investment equity flows in the reporting economy. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, and other capital. Direct investment is a category of cross-border investment associated with a resident in one economy having control or a significant degree of influence on the management of an enterprise that is resident in another economy. Ownership of 10 percent or more of the ordinary shares of voting stock is the criterion for determining the existence of a direct investment relationship. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Net portfolio equity inflows
Coverage      Definition
Portfolio equity includes net inflows from equity securities other than those recorded as direct investment and including shares, stocks, depository receipts (American or global), and direct purchases of shares in local stock markets by foreign investors. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Current account balance as percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
Current account balance is the sum of net exports of goods and services, net primary income, and net secondary income.
Current account balance, billion USD
Coverage      Definition
Current account balance is the sum of net exports of goods and services, net primary income, and net secondary income. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Trade balance as percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
External balance on goods and services (formerly resource balance) equals exports of goods and services minus imports of goods and services (previously nonfactor services).
Trade balance, billion USD
Coverage      Definition
Net trade in goods and services is derived by offsetting imports of goods and services against exports of goods and services. Exports and imports of goods and services comprise all transactions involving a change of ownership of goods and services between residents of one country and the rest of the world. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Foreign exchange reserves including gold, billion USD
Coverage      Definition
Total reserves comprise holdings of monetary gold, special drawing rights, reserves of IMF members held by the IMF, and holdings of foreign exchange under the control of monetary authorities. The gold component of these reserves is valued at year-end (December 31) London prices. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Remittances as percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
Personal remittances comprise personal transfers and compensation of employees. Personal transfers consist of all current transfers in cash or in kind made or received by resident households to or from nonresident households. Personal transfers thus include all current transfers between resident and nonresident individuals. Compensation of employees refers to the income of border, seasonal, and other short-term workers who are employed in an economy where they are not resident and of residents employed by nonresident entities. Data are the sum of two items defined in the sixth edition of the IMF's Balance of Payments Manual: personal transfers and compensation of employees.
Remittances, million USD
Coverage      Definition
Personal transfers consist of all current transfers in cash or in kind made or received by resident households to or from nonresident households. Personal transfers thus include all current transfers between resident and nonresident individuals. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Government spending and balances (3 indicators)
Government spending as percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
General government final consumption expenditure (formerly general government consumption) includes all government current expenditures for purchases of goods and services (including compensation of employees). It also includes most expenditures on national defense and security, but excludes government military expenditures that are part of government capital formation.
Government spending, billion USD
Coverage      Definition
General government final consumption expenditure (formerly general government consumption) includes all government current expenditures for purchases of goods and services (including compensation of employees). It also includes most expenditures on national defense and security, but excludes government military expenditures that are part of government capital formation. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Government debt as percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
Debt is the entire stock of direct government fixed-term contractual obligations to others outstanding on a particular date. It includes domestic and foreign liabilities such as currency and money deposits, securities other than shares, and loans. It is the gross amount of government liabilities reduced by the amount of equity and financial derivatives held by the government. Because debt is a stock rather than a flow, it is measured as of a given date, usually the last day of the fiscal year.
Forecast from the IMF (6 indicators)
Economic growth forecast
Coverage      Definition
Year-on-year percent changes in constant price GDP. The base year is country-specific. Expenditure-based GDP is the total final expenditure at purchasers prices including the f.o.b. value of exports of goods and services, less the f.o.b. value of imports of goods and services.
Investment forecast
Coverage      Definition
Expressed as a ratio of total investment in current local currency and GDP in current local currency. Investment or gross capital formation is measured by the total value of the gross fixed capital formation and changes in inventories and acquisitions less disposals of valuables for a unit or sector.
Inflation forecast
Coverage      Definition
Year-on-year percentage changes in end-of-period consumer prices.
Unemployment rate forecast
Coverage      Definition
The unemployment rate is the number of unemployed persons as a percentage of the labor force (the total number of people employed plus unemployed).
Budget balance forecast, percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
The structural budget balance refers to the general government cyclically adjusted balance adjusted for nonstructural elements beyond the economic cycle. These include temporary financial sector and asset price movements as well as one-off, or temporary, revenue or expenditure items. The cyclically adjusted balance is the fiscal balance adjusted for the effects of the economic cycle.
Current account balance forecast, percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
The current account is all transactions other than those in financial and capital items. The major classifications are goods and services, income and current transfers.
Governance, institutions, corruption (10 indicators)
Rule of law index (-2.5 weak; 2.5 strong)
Coverage      Definition
The index for Rule of Law captures perceptions of the extent to which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of contract enforcement, property rights, the police, and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime and violence.
Government effectiveness index (-2.5 weak; 2.5 strong)
Coverage      Definition
The index of Government Effectiveness captures perceptions of the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government's commitment to such policies.
Control of corruption (-2.5 weak; 2.5 strong)
Coverage      Definition
The index for Control of Corruption captures perceptions of the extent to which public power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as capture of the state by elites and private interests.
Regulatory quality index (-2.5 weak; 2.5 strong)
Coverage      Definition
The index of Regulatory Quality captures perceptions of the ability of the government to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector development.
Voice and accountability index (-2.5 weak; 2.5 strong)
Coverage      Definition
The index for Voice and Accountability captures perceptions of the extent to which the citizens are able to participate in selecting their government, as well as freedom of expression, freedom of association, and a free media.
Political stability index (-2.5 weak; 2.5 strong)
Coverage      Definition
The index of Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism measures perceptions of the likelihood that the government will be destabilized or overthrown by unconstitutional or violent means, including politically-motivated violence and terrorism. The index is an average of several other indexes from the Economist Intelligence Unit, the World Economic Forum, and the Political Risk Services, among others.
Corruption Perceptions Index, 100 = no corruption
Coverage      Definition
The Corruption Perceptions Index is an indicator of perceptions of public sector corruption, i.e. administrative and political corruption. The indicator values are determined by using information from surveys and assessments of corruption, collected by a variety of reputable institutions.
Political rights index, 7 (weak) - 1 (strong)
Coverage      Definition
The Political Rights ratings from the Freedom House evaluate three categories: electoral process, political pluralism and participation, and the functioning of government. The index ranges from 1 (strong rights) to 7 (weak rights).
Civil liberties index, 7 (weak) - 1 (strong)
Coverage      Definition
The Civil Liberties index from the Freedom House evaluate the following: freedom of expression and belief, associational and organizational rights, rule of law, and personal autonomy and individual rights. The rating ranges from 1 (strong liberties) to 7 (no liberties).
Women in parliament, percent
Coverage      Definition
Women in parliaments are the percentage of parliamentary seats in a single or lower chamber held by women.
Tax rates and revenue sources (10 indicators)
Corporate tax rate
Coverage      Definition
The highest statutory corporate tax rate at central government level. Rates are provided by KPMG member firms.
Personal income tax rate
Coverage      Definition
The highest statutory marginal tax rate applied to the taxable income of individuals. Rates are provided by KPMG member firms.
Indirect tax rate
Coverage      Definition
Statutory VAT rates or consumption taxes similar to a VAT. Rates are provided by KPMG member firms.
Tax revenue, percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
Tax revenue refers to compulsory transfers to the central government for public purposes. Certain compulsory transfers such as fines, penalties, and most social security contributions are excluded. Refunds and corrections of erroneously collected tax revenue are treated as negative revenue.
Tax rate, percent of commercial profits
Coverage      Definition
Total tax rate measures the amount of taxes and mandatory contributions payable by businesses after accounting for allowable deductions and exemptions as a share of commercial profits. Taxes withheld (such as personal income tax) or collected and remitted to tax authorities (such as value added taxes, sales taxes or goods and service taxes) are excluded.
Tax preparation time, in hours
Coverage      Definition
Time to prepare and pay taxes is the time, in hours per year, it takes to prepare, file, and pay (or withhold) three major types of taxes: the corporate income tax, the value added or sales tax, and labor taxes, including payroll taxes and social security contributions.
Number of taxes paid by businesses
Coverage      Definition
Tax payments by businesses are the total number of taxes paid by businesses, including electronic filing. The tax is counted as paid once a year even if payments are more frequent.
Taxes on goods and services, percent of total revenue
Coverage      Definition
Taxes on goods and services include general sales and turnover or value added taxes, selective excises on goods, selective taxes on services, taxes on the use of goods or property, taxes on extraction and production of minerals, and profits of fiscal monopolies.
Taxes on international trade, percent of total revenue
Coverage      Definition
Taxes on international trade include import duties, export duties, profits of export or import monopolies, exchange profits, and exchange taxes.
Income, profits, and capital gains taxes: percent of revenue
Coverage      Definition
Taxes on income, profits, and capital gains are levied on the actual or presumptive net income of individuals, on the profits of corporations and enterprises, and on capital gains, whether realized or not, on land, securities, and other assets. Intragovernmental payments are eliminated in consolidation.
Country risk indicators (6 indicators)
Short-term political risk (1=low, 7=high)
Coverage      Definition
Short Term political risk = Political risk related to short-term export transactions. Political risk covers the risks of foreign exchange shortages, wars, revolutions, natural disasters and arbitrary government actions. Countries are classified into seven categories (from 1-low risk to 7-high risk) reflecting the intensity of political risk.
Long-term political risk (1=low, 7=high)
Coverage      Definition
Long Term political risk = Political risk related to export transactions with a credit period of more than two years. Political risk covers the risks of foreign exchange shortages, wars, revolutions, natural disasters and arbitrary government actions. Countries are classified into seven categories (from 1-low risk to 7-high risk) reflecting the intensity of political risk.
Special transactions risk, (1=low, 7=high)
Coverage      Definition
Special cash transactions are mainly contracting works and projects with long realization periods but payable on a cash basis as the work progresses. Political risk covers the risks of foreign exchange shortages, wars, revolutions, natural disasters and arbitrary government actions Countries are classified into seven categories (from 1-low risk to 7-high risk) reflecting the intensity of political risk.
Transfer risk, (1=low, 7=high)
Coverage      Definition
Transfer risk = Political risk related to countries’ solvency. Countries are classified into seven categories: from 1 (low risk) to 7 (high risk).
Expropriation risk, (1=low, 7=high)
Coverage      Definition
Risk of expropriation and government action = The risk of expropriation and government action covers the risks of expropriation, breach of contract by the government, a possible negative change of attitude towards foreign investors, and also risks related to the functioning of the judiciary system. Countries are classified into seven categories: from 1 (low risk) to 7 (high risk).
War risk, (1=low, 7=high)
Coverage      Definition
War Risk = War risk covers the risks of external conflicts and the risks of domestic political violence. Domestic political violence includes terrorism, civil unrest, socio-economic conflicts, racial and ethnic tension and the extreme case of civil war. Countries are classified into seven categories (from 1-low risk to 7-high risk) reflecting the intensity of war risk.
Shares of world totals (6 indicators)
Percent of world population
Coverage      Definition
The population share of a particular country is measured as its population as percent of the total world population in a given year. Total population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin. The values shown are midyear estimates.
Percent of world GDP
Coverage      Definition
We calculated the world GDP as the sum of the GDP of all countries expressed in current USD. The share of GDP is the GDP of a particular country as percent of the world GDP. GDP at purchaser's prices is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Dollar figures for GDP are converted from domestic currencies using single year official exchange rates. For a few countries where the official exchange rate does not reflect the rate effectively applied to actual foreign exchange transactions, an alternative conversion factor is used.
Percent of world exports
Coverage      Definition
The share of world exports equals the exports of a particular country as percent of the total exports of all countries around the world. Exports of goods and services represent the value of all goods and other market services provided to the rest of the world. They include the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services, such as communication, construction, financial, information, business, personal, and government services. They exclude compensation of employees and investment income (formerly called factor services) and transfer payments. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Percent of world imports
Coverage      Definition
The share of world exports equals the exports of a particular country as percent of the total exports of all countries around the world. Imports of goods and services represent the value of all goods and other market services received from the rest of the world. They include the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services, such as communication, construction, financial, information, business, personal, and government services. They exclude compensation of employees and investment income (formerly called factor services) and transfer payments. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Percent of world Foreign Direct Investment
Coverage      Definition
Foreign direct investment refers to direct investment equity flows in the reporting economy. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, and other capital. Direct investment is a category of cross-border investment associated with a resident in one economy having control or a significant degree of influence on the management of an enterprise that is resident in another economy. Ownership of 10 percent or more of the ordinary shares of voting stock is the criterion for determining the existence of a direct investment relationship. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
Percent of world oil reserves
Coverage      Definition
The share of world oil reserves is calculated as the proven oil reserves of a country as percent of the total proven oil reserves for the world.
External debt measures (5 indicators)
External debt, percent of Gross National Income
Coverage      Definition
Total external debt stocks to gross national income. Total external debt is debt owed to nonresidents repayable in currency, goods, or services. Total external debt is the sum of public, publicly guaranteed, and private nonguaranteed long-term debt, use of IMF credit, and short-term debt. Short-term debt includes all debt having an original maturity of one year or less and interest in arrears on long-term debt. GNI (formerly GNP) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad.
Interest rate on new external debt
Coverage      Definition
Interest represents the average interest rate on all new public and publicly guaranteed loans contracted during the year. To obtain the average, the interest rates for all public and publicly guaranteed loans have been weighted by the amounts of the loans. Public debt is an external obligation of a public debtor, including the national government, a political subdivision (or an agency of either), and autonomous public bodies. Publicly guaranteed debt is an external obligation of a private debtor that is guaranteed for repayment by a public entity.
Short-term debt, percent of total external debt
Coverage      Definition
Short-term debt includes all debt having an original maturity of one year or less and interest in arrears on long-term debt. Total external debt is debt owed to nonresidents repayable in currency, goods, or services. Total external debt is the sum of public, publicly guaranteed, and private nonguaranteed long-term debt, use of IMF credit, and short-term debt.
Maturity on new external debt
Coverage      Definition
Maturity is the number of years to original maturity date, which is the sum of grace and repayment periods. Grace period for principal is the period from the date of signature of the loan or the issue of the financial instrument to the first repayment of principal. The repayment period is the period from the first to last repayment of principal. To obtain the average, the maturity for all public and publicly guaranteed loans have been weighted by the amounts of the loans. Public debt is an external obligation of a public debtor, including the national government, a political subdivision (or an agency of either), and autonomous public bodies. Publicly guaranteed debt is an external obligation of a private debtor that is guaranteed for repayment by a public entity.
Short-term external debt, percent of international reserves
Coverage      Definition
Short-term debt includes all debt having an original maturity of one year or less and interest in arrears on long-term debt. Total reserves includes gold.
Infrastructure and transport characteristics (18 indicators)
Internet users, percent of population
Coverage      Definition
Internet users are individuals who have used the Internet (from any location) in the last 3 months. The Internet can be used via a computer, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, games machine, digital TV etc.
Broadband internet subscribers
Coverage      Definition
Fixed broadband subscriptions refers to fixed subscriptions to high-speed access to the public Internet (a TCP/IP connection), at downstream speeds equal to, or greater than, 256 kbit/s. This includes cable modem, DSL, fiber-to-the-home/building, other fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions, satellite broadband and terrestrial fixed wireless broadband. This total is measured irrespective of the method of payment. It excludes subscriptions that have access to data communications (including the Internet) via mobile-cellular networks. It should include fixed WiMAX and any other fixed wireless technologies. It includes both residential subscriptions and subscriptions for organizations.
Fixed broadband internet subscribers per 100 people
Coverage      Definition
Fixed broadband subscriptions refers to fixed subscriptions to high-speed access to the public Internet (a TCP/IP connection), at downstream speeds equal to, or greater than, 256 kbit/s. This includes cable modem, DSL, fiber-to-the-home/building, other fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions, satellite broadband and terrestrial fixed wireless broadband. This total is measured irrespective of the method of payment. It excludes subscriptions that have access to data communications (including the Internet) via mobile-cellular networks. It should include fixed WiMAX and any other fixed wireless technologies. It includes both residential subscriptions and subscriptions for organizations.
Mobile phone subscribers, in millions
Coverage      Definition
Mobile cellular telephone subscriptions are subscriptions to a public mobile telephone service that provide access to the PSTN using cellular technology. The indicator includes (and is split into) the number of postpaid subscriptions, and the number of active prepaid accounts (i.e. that have been used during the last three months). The indicator applies to all mobile cellular subscriptions that offer voice communications. It excludes subscriptions via data cards or USB modems, subscriptions to public mobile data services, private trunked mobile radio, telepoint, radio paging and telemetry services.
Mobile phone subscribers, per 100 people
Coverage      Definition
Mobile cellular telephone subscriptions are subscriptions to a public mobile telephone service that provide access to the PSTN using cellular technology. The indicator includes (and is split into) the number of postpaid subscriptions, and the number of active prepaid accounts (i.e. that have been used during the last three months). The indicator applies to all mobile cellular subscriptions that offer voice communications. It excludes subscriptions via data cards or USB modems, subscriptions to public mobile data services, private trunked mobile radio, telepoint, radio paging and telemetry services.
Airline passengers of domestically owned airlines
Coverage      Definition
Air passengers carried include both domestic and international aircraft passengers of air carriers registered in the country.
Railroad lines, total length in km
Coverage      Definition
Rail lines are the length of railway route available for train service, irrespective of the number of parallel tracks.
Volume of goods transported by railways
Coverage      Definition
Goods transported by railway are the volume of goods transported by railway, measured in metric tons times kilometers traveled.
Railway passengers
Coverage      Definition
Passengers carried by railway are the number of passengers transported by rail times kilometers traveled.
Number of 20-foot containers passing through the ports
Coverage      Definition
Port container traffic measures the flow of containers from land to sea transport modes., and vice versa, in twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs), a standard-size container. Data refer to coastal shipping as well as international journeys. Transshipment traffic is counted as two lifts at the intermediate port (once to off-load and again as an outbound lift) and includes empty units.
Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1(low) - 7(high)
Coverage      Definition
The Quality of railroad infrastrucutre indicator is one of the components of the Global Competitiveness Index published annually by the World Economic Forum (WEF). It represents an assessment of the quality of the railroad system in a given country based on data from the WEF Executive Opinion Survey, a long-running and extensive survey tapping the opinions of over 14,000 business leaders in 144 countries. The score for railroad infrastrucutre quality is based on only one question. The respondents are asked to rate the railroads in their country of operation on a scale from 1 (underdeveloped) to 7 (extensive and efficient by international standards). The individual responses are aggregated to produce a country score.
New passenger car sales, numbers per year
Coverage      Definition
The indicator estimates the number of new passenger car registrations and sales that took place within a country in a year. Passenger cars are road motor vehicles, other than a motor cycle, intended for the carriage of passengers and designed to seat no more than nine persons (including the driver).
New commercial vehicle sales, numbers per year
Coverage      Definition
The indicator estimates the number of new commercial vehicle registrations and sales that took place within a country in a year. Commercial vehicles include light commercial vehicles, heavy trucks, coaches and buses (except for some countries in which the buses or heavy trucks data are not available).
Quality of port infrastructure, 1(low) - 7(high)
Coverage      Definition
The Quality of port infrastrucutre indicator is one of the components of the Global Competitiveness Index published annually by the World Economic Forum (WEF). It represents an assessment of the quality of port facilities in a given country based on data from the WEF Executive Opinion Survey, a long-running and extensive survey tapping the opinions of over 14,000 business leaders in 144 countries. The score for port infrastrucutre quality is based on only one question. The respondents are asked to rate the port facilities and inland waterways in their country of operation on a scale from 1 (underdeveloped) to 7 (extensive and efficient by international standards). For landlocked countries, the respondents are asked to rate the access to port facilities and inland waterways on a scale from 1 (impossible) to 7 (easy). The individual responses are aggregated to produce a country score.
International Internet bandwidth per Internet user, kb/s
Coverage      Definition
International Internet bandwidth is the sum of the capacity of all Internet exchanges offering international bandwidth measured in kilobits per second (kb/s).
Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1(low) - 7(high)
Coverage      Definition
The Quality of air transport infrastructure indicator is one of the components of the Global Competitiveness Index published annually by the World Economic Forum (WEF). It represents an assessment of the quality of airports in a given country based on data from the WEF Executive Opinion Survey, a long-running and extensive survey tapping the opinions of over 14,000 business leaders in 144 countries. The score for air transport infrastructure quality is based on only one question. The respondents are asked to rate the passenger air transport in their country of operation on a scale from 1 (underdeveloped) to 7 (extensive and efficient by international standards). The individual responses are aggregated to produce a country score.
Mobile network coverage, percent of the population
Coverage      Definition
Mobile network coverage measures the percentage of inhabitants who are within range of a mobile cellular signal, irrespective of whether or not they are subscribers. This is calculated by dividing the number of inhabitants within range of a mobile cellular signal by the total population.
Quality of roads, 1(low) - 7(high)
Coverage      Definition
The Road quality indicator is one of the components of the Global Competitiveness Index published annually by the World Economic Forum (WEF). It represents an assessment of the quality of roads in a given country based on data from the WEF Executive Opinion Survey, a long-running and extensive survey tapping the opinions of over 14,000 business leaders in 144 countries. The road quality indicator score is based on only one question. The respondents are asked to rate the roads in their country of operation on a scale from 1 (underdeveloped) to 7 (extensive and efficient by international standards). The individual responses are aggregated to produce a country score.
Energy and environment (15 indicators)
Gasoline prices at the pump, in dollars per liter
Coverage      Definition
Retail gasoline prices in USD per liter of fuel.
Diesel prices at the pump, in dollars per liter
Coverage      Definition
Retail diesel prices in USD per liter of fuel.
Energy use per capita
Coverage      Definition
Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport.
Alternative and nuclear energy, percent of total energy use
Coverage      Definition
Renewable energy consumption is the share of renewables energy in total final energy consumption.
Energy use per $1000 of GDP
Coverage      Definition
Energy use per PPP GDP is the kilogram of oil equivalent of energy use per constant PPP GDP. Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport. PPP GDP is gross domestic product converted to 2011 constant international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GDP as a U.S. dollar has in the United States.
Electricity production from renewable sources, million kWh
Coverage      Definition
Electricity production from renewable sources, excluding hydroelectric, includes geothermal, solar, tides, wind, biomass, and biofuels.
Carbon dioxide emissions, thousands of tonnes
Coverage      Definition
Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.
Carbon dioxide emissions per capita
Coverage      Definition
Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.
Energy imports as percent of total energy use
Coverage      Definition
Net energy imports are estimated as energy use less production, both measured in oil equivalents. A negative value indicates that the country is a net exporter. Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport.
GDP per unit of energy used
Coverage      Definition
GDP per unit of energy use is the PPP GDP per kilogram of oil equivalent of energy use. PPP GDP is gross domestic product converted to 2011 constant international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GDP as a U.S. dollar has in the United States.
Income from natural resources, percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
Total natural resources rents are the sum of oil rents, natural gas rents, coal rents (hard and soft), mineral rents, and forest rents.
Revenue minus production cost of oil, percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
Oil rents are the difference between the value of crude oil production at world prices and total costs of production.
Revenue minus production cost of natural gas, percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
Natural gas rents are the difference between the value of natural gas production at world prices and total costs of production.
Access to electricity, percent of the population
Coverage      Definition
Access to electricity is the percentage of population with access to electricity. Electrification data are collected from industry, national surveys and international sources.
Electricity consumption by the industry
Coverage      Definition
Definition
Industry: Oil, coal, and electricity (21 indicators)
Oil reserves, billion barrels
Coverage      Definition
Proved reserves of crude oil are the estimated quantities of all liquids defined as crude oil, which geological and engineering data demonstrate with reasonable certainty to be recoverable in future years from reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions.
Oil production, thousand barrels per day
Coverage      Definition
Oil production includes the production of crude oil (including lease condensate), natural gas plant liquids, and other liquids, and refinery processing gain. Negative values indicate a net refinery processing loss.
Gasoline production, thousand barrels per day
Coverage      Definition
Gasoline production includes production of: conventional gasoline; all types of oxygenated gasoline, including gasohol; and reformulated gasoline; but excludes production of aviation gasoline. Volumetric data on blending components, such as oxygenates, are not counted in data on finished motor gasoline until the blending components are blended into the gasoline.
Jet fuel production, thousand barrels per day
Coverage      Definition
The indicator estimates the volume of jet fuel produced within a country expressed in thousand barrels per day. Jet fuel is a refined petroleum product used in jet aircraft engines and it includes kerosene-type jet fuel and naphtha-type jet fuel.
Liquefied petroleum gas production, thousand barrels per day
Coverage      Definition
Liquefied petroleum gases include ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, normal butane, butylene, isobutane, and isobutylene. The Liquefied Petroleum Gases production also includes, where data are available, liquefied petroleum gases sold directly from natural gas processing plants for fuel or chemical uses and pentanes plus.
Oil consumption, thousand barrels per day
Coverage      Definition
Oil consumption (Total petroleum consumption) includes internal consumption, refinery fuel and loss, and bunkering. Also included, where available, is direct combustion of crude oil.
Gasoline consumption, thousand barrels per day
Coverage      Definition
Gasoline consumption includes the consumption of: conventional gasoline; all types of oxygenated gasoline, including gasohol; and reformulated gasoline; but excludes the consumption of aviation gasoline. Volumetric data on blending components, such as oxygenates, are not counted in the data on finished motor gasoline until the blending components are blended into the gasoline.
Jet fuel consumption, thousand barrels per day
Coverage      Definition
The indicator estimates the volume of jet fuel consumed within a country expressed in thousand barrels per day. Jet fuel is a refined petroleum product used in jet aircraft engines and it includes kerosene-type jet fuel and naphtha-type jet fuel.
Liquefied petroleum gas consumption, thousand barrels per day
Coverage      Definition
Liquefied petroleum gases include ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, normal butane, butylene, isobutane, and isobutylene. The Liquefied Petroleum Gases consumption also includes, where data are available, liquefied petroleum gases sold directly from natural gas processing plants for fuel or chemical uses and pentanes plus.
Coal reserves, million short tons
Coverage      Definition
Proven reserves of coal in million short tons. A short ton equals exactly 2,000 pounds or 907.18 kilograms.
Coal production, thousand short tons
Coverage      Definition
Total primary coal production (Coal includes anthracite, subanthracite, bituminous, subbituminous, lignite, brown coal, and oil shale.)
Coal consumption, thousand short tons
Coverage      Definition
Coal consumption includes anthracite, subanthracite, bituminous, subbituminous, lignite, brown coal, and oil shale. It also includes net imports of metallurgical coke.
Coal imports, thousand short tons
Coverage      Definition
Amount of foreign coal shipped to the country.
Coal exports, thousand short tons
Coverage      Definition
Amount of coal shipped to foreign destinations.
Electricity production, billion kilowatthours
Coverage      Definition
Total electricity net generation (Net generation excludes the energy consumed by the generating units)
Electricity consumption, billion kilowatthours
Coverage      Definition
Total Electricity Net Consumption = total net electricity generation + electricity imports - electricity exports – electricity transmission and distribution losses. Net consumption excludes the energy consumed by the generating units.
Electricity production capacity, million kilowatts
Coverage      Definition
Total Electricity Installed Capacity (Million Kilowatts)
Electricity imports, billion kilowatthours
Coverage      Definition
Annual import of electricity in billion kWh.
Electricity exports, billion kilowatthours
Coverage      Definition
Annual export of electricity in billion kWh.
Renewable power capacity, million kilowatts
Coverage      Definition
Total capacity to produce electricity from renewable resources in million kilowatts.
Renewable power generation, billion kilowatthours
Coverage      Definition
Total Renewables Electricity Net Generation (Net generation excludes the energy consumed by the generating units and also excludes generation from hydroelectric pumped storage)
Energy mix (12 indicators)
Fossil fuels electricity capacity, million kilowatts
Coverage      Definition
Installed capacity to produce electricity from fossil fuels including oil, coal, and natural gas.
Fossil fuels electricity generation, billion kilowatthours
Coverage      Definition
Billion kilowatthours of electricity generated from fossil fuels including oil, coal, and natural gas.
Wind electricity capacity, million kilowatts
Coverage      Definition
Installed capacity to produce electricity from wind in million kilowatts.
Wind electricity generation, billion kilowatthours
Coverage      Definition
Billion kilowatthours of electricity generated from wind.
Solar electricity capacity, million kilowatts
Coverage      Definition
Installed capacity to produce electricity from sunlight in million kilowatts.
Solar electricity generation, billion kilowatthours
Coverage      Definition
Billion kilowatthours of electricity generated from sunlight.
Hydroelectricity capacity, million kilowatts
Coverage      Definition
Installed capacity to produce hydroelectricity in million kilowatts.
Hydroelectricity generation, billion kilowatthours
Coverage      Definition
Hydroelectric generation excludes generation from hydroelectric pumped storage.
Nuclear electricity capacity, million kilowatts
Coverage      Definition
Installed capacity to produce hydroelectricity in million kilowatts.
Nuclear power generation, billion kilowatthours
Coverage      Definition
Nuclear electricity net generation (Net generation excludes the energy consumed by the generating units)
Geothermal electricity capacity, million kilowatts
Coverage      Definition
Installed capacity to produce geothermal electricity in million kilowatts.
Geothermal electricity generation, billion kilowatthours
Coverage      Definition
Billion kilowatthours of geothermal electricity generated.
Agriculture sector (16 indicators)
Forest area, percent of total land area
Coverage      Definition
Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees of at least 5 meters in situ, whether productive or not, and excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems (for example, in fruit plantations and agroforestry systems) and trees in urban parks and gardens.
Percent agricultural land
Coverage      Definition
Agricultural land refers to the share of land area that is arable, under permanent crops, and under permanent pastures. Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded. Land under permanent crops is land cultivated with crops that occupy the land for long periods and need not be replanted after each harvest, such as cocoa, coffee, and rubber. This category includes land under flowering shrubs, fruit trees, nut trees, and vines, but excludes land under trees grown for wood or timber. Permanent pasture is land used for five or more years for forage, including natural and cultivated crops.
Employment in agriculture, % of total employment
Coverage      Definition
Employment is defined as persons of working age who were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit, whether at work during the reference period or not at work due to temporary absence from a job, or to working-time arrangement. The agriculture sector consists of activities in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing, in accordance with division 1 (ISIC 2) or categories A-B (ISIC 3) or category A (ISIC 4).
Value added in the agricultural sector as percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
Agriculture corresponds to ISIC divisions 1-5 and includes forestry, hunting, and fishing, as well as cultivation of crops and livestock production. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3 or 4.
Agriculture value added, billion USD
Coverage      Definition
The annual value added created in the agricultural sector in billion USD.
Agriculture value added per worker, constant USD
Coverage      Definition
Agriculture value added per worker is a measure of agricultural productivity. Value added in agriculture measures the output of the agricultural sector (ISIC divisions 1-5) less the value of intermediate inputs. Agriculture comprises value added from forestry, hunting, and fishing as well as cultivation of crops and livestock production. Data are in constant 2010 U.S. dollars.
Agricultural land, sq. km.
Coverage      Definition
Agricultural land refers to the share of land area that is arable, under permanent crops, and under permanent pastures. Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded. Land under permanent crops is land cultivated with crops that occupy the land for long periods and need not be replanted after each harvest, such as cocoa, coffee, and rubber. This category includes land under flowering shrubs, fruit trees, nut trees, and vines, but excludes land under trees grown for wood or timber. Permanent pasture is land used for five or more years for forage, including natural and cultivated crops.
Crop production index (2004-2006 = 100)
Coverage      Definition
Crop production index shows agricultural production for each year relative to the base period 2004-2006. It includes all crops except fodder crops. Regional and income group aggregates for the FAO's production indexes are calculated from the underlying values in international dollars, normalized to the base period 2004-2006.
Precipitation, mm per year
Coverage      Definition
Average precipitation is the long-term average in depth (over space and time) of annual precipitation in the country. Precipitation is defined as any kind of water that falls from clouds as a liquid or a solid.
Arable land, percent of total land area
Coverage      Definition
Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded.
Cereal yield, kg per hectar
Coverage      Definition
Cereal yield, measured as kilograms per hectare of harvested land, includes wheat, rice, maize, barley, oats, rye, millet, sorghum, buckwheat, and mixed grains. Production data on cereals relate to crops harvested for dry grain only. Cereal crops harvested for hay or harvested green for food, feed, or silage and those used for grazing are excluded. The FAO allocates production data to the calendar year in which the bulk of the harvest took place. Most of a crop harvested near the end of a year will be used in the following year.
Food production index (2004-2006 = 100)
Coverage      Definition
Food production index covers food crops that are considered edible and that contain nutrients. Coffee and tea are excluded because, although edible, they have no nutritive value.
Rural population, percent of total population
Coverage      Definition
Rural population refers to people living in rural areas as defined by national statistical offices. It is calculated as the difference between total population and urban population.
Fertilizer use, kg per hectare of arable land
Coverage      Definition
Fertilizer consumption measures the quantity of plant nutrients used per unit of arable land. Fertilizer products cover nitrogenous, potash, and phosphate fertilizers (including ground rock phosphate). Traditional nutrients--animal and plant manures--are not included. For the purpose of data dissemination, FAO has adopted the concept of a calendar year (January to December). Some countries compile fertilizer data on a calendar year basis, while others are on a split-year basis. Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded.
Livestock production index (2004-2006 = 100)
Coverage      Definition
Livestock production index includes meat and milk from all sources, dairy products such as cheese, and eggs, honey, raw silk, wool, and hides and skins.
Forest area, sq. km
Coverage      Definition
Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees of at least 5 meters in situ, whether productive or not, and excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems (for example, in fruit plantations and agroforestry systems) and trees in urban parks and gardens.
Banking system access (8 indicators)
ATM machines per 100,000 adults
Coverage      Definition
Number of ATMs per 100,000 adults. Automated teller machines are computerized telecommunications devices that provide clients of a financial institution with access to financial transactions in a public place.
Bank accounts per 1000 adults
Coverage      Definition
Number of depositors with commercial banks per 1,000 adults.
Firms using bank credit to finance investment, percent of all firms
Coverage      Definition
Percentage of firms using banks to finance purchases of fixed assets.
Percent of people aged 15+ who have a credit card
Coverage      Definition
The percentage of respondents with a credit card (% age 15+). The data are from the World bank Global Financial Inclusion survey.
Small firms with bank credit, percent of all small firms
Coverage      Definition
Percentage of small firms (5-19 workers) in the formal sector with a line of credit or a loan from a (formal) financial institution, such as a bank, credit union, microfinance institution, or cooperative.
Percent of people aged 15+ who have a debit card
Coverage      Definition
The percentage of respondents with a debit card (% age 15+). Data are from the World Bank Global Financial Inclusion survey.
Bank concentration: percent of bank assets held by top three banks
Coverage      Definition
Raw data are from Bankscope. (Sum(data2025) for three largest banks in Bankscope) / (Sum(data2025) for all banks in Bankscope). Only reported if number of banks in Bankscope is 3 or more. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope.
Bank branches per 100,000 people
Coverage      Definition
Number of commercial bank branches per 100,000 adults.
Banking system stability (6 indicators)
Non-performing loans as percent of all bank loans
Coverage      Definition
Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans are the value of nonperforming loans divided by the total value of the loan portfolio (including nonperforming loans before the deduction of specific loan-loss provisions). The loan amount recorded as nonperforming should be the gross value of the loan as recorded on the balance sheet, not just the amount that is overdue.
Bank credit as percent of bank deposits
Coverage      Definition
The financial resources provided to the private sector by domestic money banks as a share of total deposits. Domestic money banks comprise commercial banks and other financial institutions that accept transferable deposits, such as demand deposits. Total deposits include demand, time and saving deposits in deposit money banks.
Banking system z-scores
Coverage      Definition
The index captures the probability of default of a country's banking system. Z-score compares the buffer of a country's banking system (capitalization and returns) with the volatility of those returns. It is estimated as (ROA+(equity/assets))/sd(ROA); sd(ROA) is the standard deviation of ROA. ROA, equity, and assets are country-level aggregate figures. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope.
Bank liquid assets to deposits and short-term funding
Coverage      Definition
The ratio of the value of liquid assets (easily converted to cash) to short-term funding plus total deposits. Liquid assets include cash and due from banks, trading securities and at fair value through income, loans and advances to banks, reverse repos and cash collaterals. Deposits and short term funding includes total customer deposits (current, savings and term) and short term borrowing (money market instruments, CDs and other deposits).
Banking system capital, percent of assets
Coverage      Definition
Ratio of bank capital and reserves to total assets. Capital and reserves include funds contributed by owners, retained earnings, general and special reserves, provisions, and valuation adjustments. Capital includes tier 1 capital (paid-up shares and common stock), which is a common feature in all countries' banking systems, and total regulatory capital, which includes several specified types of subordinated debt instruments that need not be repaid if the funds are required to maintain minimum capital levels (these comprise tier 2 and tier 3 capital). Total assets include all nonfinancial and financial assets. Reported by IMF staff. Note that due to differences in national accounting, taxation, and supervisory regimes, these data are not strictly comparable across countries.
Banking system regulatory capital to risk-weighted assets
Coverage      Definition
The capital adequacy of deposit takers. It is a ratio of total regulatory capital to its assets held, weighted according to the risk of those assets.
Banking system efficiency (7 indicators)
Bank overhead costs, percent of total assets
Coverage      Definition
Operating expenses of a bank as a share of the value of all assets held. Total assets include total earning assets, cash and due from banks, foreclosed real estate, fixed assets, goodwill, other intangibles, current tax assets, deferred tax assets, discontinued operations and other assets. The numerator and denominator are first aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope.
Bank lending-deposit interest rate spread
Coverage      Definition
Difference between the lending rate and the deposit rate. The lending rate is the rate charged by banks on loans to the private sector and the deposit interest rate is the rate offered by commercial banks on three-month deposits.
Bank return on assets, in percent
Coverage      Definition
Commercial banks’ pre-tax income to yearly averaged total assets. The numerator and denominator are first aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope.
Bank return on equity, in percent
Coverage      Definition
Commercial banks’ pre-tax income to yearly averaged equity. The numerator and denominator are first aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope.
Bank non-interest income to total income, in percent
Coverage      Definition
Bank’s income that has been generated by noninterest related activities as a percentage of total income (net-interest income plus noninterest income). Noninterest related income includes net gains on trading and derivatives, net gains on other securities, net fees and commissions and other operating income. The number is only calculated when net-interest income is not negative. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope.
Bank interest revenue, percent of interest-bearing assets
Coverage      Definition
Accounting value of bank's net interest revenue as a share of its average interest-bearing (total earning) assets. The numerator and denominator are aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope.
Bank cost to income ratio, in percent
Coverage      Definition
Operating expenses of a bank as a share of the sum of net-interest revenue and other operating income. The numerator and denominator are first aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope.
Banking system depth (6 indicators)
Bank credit to the private sector as percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
Domestic credit to private sector by banks refers to financial resources provided to the private sector by other depository corporations (deposit taking corporations except central banks), such as through loans, purchases of nonequity securities, and trade credits and other accounts receivable, that establish a claim for repayment. For some countries these claims include credit to public enterprises.
Liquid liabilities, percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
Ratio of liquid liabilities to GDP. Liquid liabilities are also known as broad money, or M3. They are the sum of currency and deposits in the central bank (M0), plus transferable deposits and electronic currency (M1), plus time and savings deposits, foreign currency transferable deposits, certificates of deposit, and securities repurchase agreements (M2), plus travelers checks, foreign currency time deposits, commercial paper, and shares of mutual funds or market funds held by residents.
Bank assets, percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
Total assets held by deposit money banks as a share of GDP. Assets include claims on domestic real nonfinancial sector which includes central, state and local governments, nonfinancial public enterprises and private sector. Deposit money banks comprise commercial banks and other financial institutions that accept transferable deposits, such as demand deposits.
Domestic credit to the private sector, percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
Domestic credit to private sector refers to financial resources provided to the private sector, such as through loans, purchases of nonequity securities, and trade credits and other accounts receivable, that establish a claim for repayment. For some countries these claims include credit to public enterprises.
Bank credit to government and public enterprises, percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF’s International Financial Statistics. (IFS line 22A + line 22B + line 22C) / GDP. Local currency GDP is from IFS (line 99B..ZF or, if not available, line 99B.CZF).
Financial system deposits, percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
Demand, time and saving deposits in deposit money banks and other financial institutions as a share of GDP.
Banking system: other indicators (5 indicators)
Interest rates on bank credit to the private sector
Coverage      Definition
Lending rate is the bank rate that usually meets the short- and medium-term financing needs of the private sector. This rate is normally differentiated according to creditworthiness of borrowers and objectives of financing. The terms and conditions attached to these rates differ by country, however, limiting their comparability.
Real interest rate: Bank lending rate minus inflation
Coverage      Definition
Real interest rate is the lending interest rate adjusted for inflation as measured by the GDP deflator. The terms and conditions attached to lending rates differ by country, however, limiting their comparability.
Credit information sharing index, 0 (low) - 8 (high)
Coverage      Definition
Depth of credit information index measures rules affecting the scope, accessibility, and quality of credit information available through public or private credit registries. The index ranges from 0 to 8, with higher values indicating the availability of more credit information, from either a public registry or a private bureau, to facilitate lending decisions.
Index of legal rights for creditors and borrowers (0 - 12)
Coverage      Definition
Strength of legal rights index measures the degree to which collateral and bankruptcy laws protect the rights of borrowers and lenders and thus facilitate lending. The index ranges from 0 to 12, with higher scores indicating that these laws are better designed to expand access to credit.
Foreign bank assets as percent of the total bank assets
Coverage      Definition
Percentage of the total banking assets that are held by foreign banks. A foreign bank is a bank where 50 percent or more of its shares are owned by foreigners.
Stock market development (11 indicators)
Stock market capitalization as percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
Market capitalization (also known as market value) is the share price times the number of shares outstanding (including their several classes) for listed domestic companies. Investment funds, unit trusts, and companies whose only business goal is to hold shares of other listed companies are excluded. Data are end of year values.
Stock market capitalization, billion USD
Coverage      Definition
Market capitalization (also known as market value) is the share price times the number of shares outstanding (including their several classes) for listed domestic companies. Investment funds, unit trusts, and companies whose only business goal is to hold shares of other listed companies are excluded. Data are end of year values.
Stock market turnover ratio
Coverage      Definition
Turnover ratio is the value of domestic shares traded divided by their market capitalization. The value is annualized by multiplying the monthly average by 12.
Number of companies listed on the stock exchange
Coverage      Definition
Listed domestic companies, including foreign companies which are exclusively listed, are those which have shares listed on an exchange at the end of the year. Investment funds, unit trusts, and companies whose only business goal is to hold shares of other listed companies, such as holding companies and investment companies, regardless of their legal status, are excluded. A company with several classes of shares is counted once. Only companies admitted to listing on the exchange are included.
Stock market value traded, percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
The value of shares traded is the total number of shares traded, both domestic and foreign, multiplied by their respective matching prices. Figures are single counted (only one side of the transaction is considered). Companies admitted to listing and admitted to trading are included in the data. Data are end of year values.
Mutual fund assets, percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
Ratio of assets of mutual funds to GDP. A mutual fund is a type of managed collective investment scheme that pools money from many investors to purchase securities. Data taken from a variety of sources such as Investment Company Institute and national sources.
Stock market return, percent
Coverage      Definition
Stock market return is the growth rate of annual average stock market index. Annual average stock market index is constructed by taking the average of the daily stock market indexes available at Bloomberg.
Stock market capitalization w/o top 10 firms, percent of total market cap
Coverage      Definition
Value of listed shares outside of the top ten largest companies to total value of all listed shares.
Stock market value traded w/o top 10 firms, % of total value traded
Coverage      Definition
Value of all traded shares outside of the top ten largest traded companies as a share of total value of all traded shares in a stock market exchange. WFE provides data on the exchange level. This variable is aggregated up to the country level by taking a simple average over exchanges.
Stock price volatility, percent
Coverage      Definition
Stock price volatility is the average of the 360-day volatility of the national stock market index.
Investment financed with equity or stock sales, percent of total investment
Coverage      Definition
The estimated proportion of purchases of fixed assets that was financed by the owners’ contribution or issue of new equity shares.
Insurance, non-banks and pensions (5 indicators)
Nonbank financial institutions assets, percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
...Claims on domestic real nonfinancial sector by other financial institutions as a share of GDP, calculated using the following deflation method: {(0.5)*[Ft/P_et + Ft-1/P_et-1]}/[GDPt/P_at] where F is other financial institutions' claims, P_e is end-of period CPI, and P_a is average annual CPI. Raw data are from the IMF’s International Financial Statistics.
Life insurance premium volume, percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
Ratio of life insurance premium volume to GDP. Premium volume is the insurer's direct premiums earned (if Property/Casualty) or received (if Life/Health) during the previous calendar year. Premium data are taken from various issues of Sigma reports (Swiss Re). Data on GDP in US dollars is from the electronic version of the World Development Indicators.
Non-life insurance premium volume, percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
Ratio of non-life insurance premium volume to GDP. Premium volume is the insurer's direct premiums earned (if Property/Casualty) or received (if Life/Health) during the previous calendar year. Premium data are taken from various issues of Sigma reports (Swiss Re). Data on GDP in US dollars is from the electronic version of the World Development Indicators.
Pension fund assets as percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
Ratio of assets of pension funds to GDP. A pension fund is any plan, fund, or scheme that provides retirement income. Data taken from a variety of sources such as OECD, AIOS, FIAP and national sources.
Insurance company assets, percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
Ratio of assets of insurance companies to GDP. Data taken from a variety of sources such as AXCO and national sources.
Innovation measures (6 indicators)
Innovations index (0-100)
Coverage      Definition
The Global Innovation Index includes two sub-indices: the Innovation Input Sub-Index and the Innovation Output Sub-Index. The first sub-index is based on five pillars: Institutions, Human capital and research, Infrastructure, Market sophistication, and Business sophistication. The second sub-index is based on two pillars: Knowledge and technology outputs and Creative outputs. Each pillar is divided into sub-pillars and each sub-pillar is composed of individual indicators.
Research and development expenditure, percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
Gloss domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percent of GDP. They include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.
Information technology exports, percent of total goods exports
Coverage      Definition
Information and communication technology goods exports include computers and peripheral equipment, communication equipment, consumer electronic equipment, electronic components, and other information and technology goods (miscellaneous).
High technology exports
Coverage      Definition
High-technology exports are products with high R&D intensity, such as in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinery. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
High tech exports, percent of manufactured exports
Coverage      Definition
High-technology exports are products with high R&D intensity, such as in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinery.
Patent applications by residents
Coverage      Definition
Patent applications are worldwide patent applications filed through the Patent Cooperation Treaty procedure or with a national patent office for exclusive rights for an invention--a product or process that provides a new way of doing something or offers a new technical solution to a problem. A patent provides protection for the invention to the owner of the patent for a limited period, generally 20 years.
Economic freedom indexes (10 indicators)
Property rights index (0-100)
Coverage      Definition
The property rights index measures the degree to which a country’s laws protect private property rights and the degree to which its government enforces those laws. It also assesses the likelihood that private property will be expropriated and analyzes the independence of the judiciary, the existence of corruption within the judiciary, and the ability of individuals and businesses to enforce contracts. Higher index values denote more certain legal protection of property.
Freedom from corruption index (0-100)
Coverage      Definition
The score for the Freedom of corruption index is derived primarily from Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index. For countries that are not covered in the CPI the freedom from corruption score is determined by using information from internationally recognized and reliable sources. Higher index values denote lower level of corruption.
Fiscal freedom index (0-100)
Coverage      Definition
The Fiscal freedom index measures the tax burden imposed by government. It is composed of three quantitative factors: the top marginal tax rate on individual income, the top marginal tax rate on corporate income, and the total tax burden as a percentage of GDP.
Business freedom index (0-100)
Coverage      Definition
The Business freedom index is based on 10 indicators, using data from the World Bank’s Doing Business study: Starting a business-procedures (number), time (days), cost (% of income per capita), and minimum capital (% of income per capita); Obtaining a license—procedures (number), time (days), and cost (% of income per capita); Closing a business—time (years), cost (% of estate), and recovery rate (cents on the dollar).
Labor freedom index (0-100)
Coverage      Definition
The Labor freedom index is composed of six quantitative factors: ratio of minimum wage to the average value added per worker, hindrance to hiring additional workers, rigidity of hours, difficulty of firing redundant employees, legally mandated notice period, and mandatory severance pay. The index is based on data collected in connection with the World Bank’s Doing Business study.
Monetary freedom index (0-100)
Coverage      Definition
The score for the Monetary freedom index is based on two factors: the weighted average inflation rate for the most recent three years and price controls. Higher index values denote price stability without microeconomic intervention.
Trade freedom index (0-100)
Coverage      Definition
The Trade freedom index is based on two indicators: the trade-weighted average tariff rate and non-tariff barriers (including quantity, price, regulatory, customs and investment restrictions, and direct government intervention).
Investment freedom index (0-100)
Coverage      Definition
The Investment freedom index evaluates a variety of investment restrictions (burdensome bureaucracy, restrictions on land ownership, expropriation of investments without fair compensation, foreign exchange controls, capital control, security problems, a lack of basic investment infrastructure, etc.). Points are deducted from the ideal score of 100 for each of the restrictions found in a country’s investment regime.
Financial freedom index (0-100)
Coverage      Definition
The Financial freedom index evaluates: the extent of government regulation of financial services, the degree of state intervention in banks and other financial firms through direct and indirect ownership, the extent of financial and capital market development, government influence on the allocation of credit and openness to foreign competition. Higher index values denote banking efficiency and independence from government control and interference in the financial sector.
Economic freedom, overall index (0-100)
Coverage      Definition
The Overall index of economic freedom has ten components grouped into four broad categories: Rule of Law; Limited Government; Regulatory Efficiency and Open Markets. The overall economic freedom is scored on a scale of 0 to 100, where 100 represents the maximum freedom.
Health spending and outcomes (11 indicators)
Health spending per capita
Coverage      Definition
Current expenditures on health per capita in current US dollars. Estimates of current health expenditures include healthcare goods and services consumed during each year.
Health spending as percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
Level of current health expenditure expressed as a percentage of GDP. Estimates of current health expenditures include healthcare goods and services consumed during each year. This indicator does not include capital health expenditures such as buildings, machinery, IT and stocks of vaccines for emergency or outbreaks.
Life expectancy, in years
Coverage      Definition
Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life.
The number of births per 1000 people, per year
Coverage      Definition
Crude birth rate indicates the number of live births occurring during the year, per 1,000 population estimated at midyear. Subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate provides the rate of natural increase, which is equal to the rate of population change in the absence of migration.
Death rate, per 1000 people
Coverage      Definition
Crude death rate indicates the number of deaths occurring during the year, per 1,000 population estimated at midyear. Subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate provides the rate of natural increase, which is equal to the rate of population change in the absence of migration.
Fertility rate, births per woman
Coverage      Definition
Total fertility rate represents the number of children that would be born to a woman if she were to live to the end of her childbearing years and bear children in accordance with age-specific fertility rates of the specified year.
Prevalence of HIV, percent of the population ages 15-49
Coverage      Definition
Prevalence of HIV refers to the percentage of people ages 15-49 who are infected with HIV.
Cases of Tuberculosis per 100,000 people
Coverage      Definition
Incidence of tuberculosis is the estimated number of new and relapse tuberculosis cases arising in a given year, expressed as the rate per 100,000 population. All forms of TB are included, including cases in people living with HIV. Estimates for all years are recalculated as new information becomes available and techniques are refined, so they may differ from those published previously.
Percent rural population with access to drinking water
Coverage      Definition
The percentage of people using drinking water from an improved source that is accessible on premises, available when needed and free from faecal and priority chemical contamination. Improved water sources include piped water, boreholes or tubewells, protected dug wells, protected springs, and packaged or delivered water.
Percent urban population with access to drinking water
Coverage      Definition
Access to an improved water source, urban, refers to the percentage of the urban population using an improved drinking water source. The improved drinking water source includes piped water on premises (piped household water connection located inside the user’s dwelling, plot or yard), and other improved drinking water sources (public taps or standpipes, tube wells or boreholes, protected dug wells, protected springs, and rainwater collection).
Suicide mortality rate, per 100,000 population
Coverage      Definition
Suicide mortality rate is the number of suicide deaths in a year per 100,000 population.
Education spending and outcomes (17 indicators)
Public spending on education, percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
General government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers) is expressed as a percentage of GDP. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. General government usually refers to local, regional and central governments.
Public spending on education, percent of public spending
Coverage      Definition
Total general (local, regional and central) government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers), expressed as a percentage of total general government expenditure on all sectors (including health, education, social services, etc.). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. Public education expenditure includes spending by local/municipal, regional and national governments (excluding household contributions) on educational institutions (both public and private), education administration, and subsidies for private entities (students/households and other privates entities). In some instances data on total public expenditure on education refers only to the ministry of education and can exclude other ministries that spend a part of their budget on educational activities. The indicator is calculated by dividing total public expenditure on education incurred by all government agencies/departments by the total government expenditure and multiplying by 100. For more information, consult the UNESCO Institute of Statistics website: http://www.uis.unesco.org/Education/
Literacy rate
Coverage      Definition
Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.
Female literacy rate, ages 15-24
Coverage      Definition
Youth literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15-24 who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.
Male literacy rate, ages 15-24
Coverage      Definition
Youth literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15-24 who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.
Youth literacy rate, ages 15-24
Coverage      Definition
Youth literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15-24 who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.
Student teacher ratio, primary school
Coverage      Definition
Primary school pupil-teacher ratio is the average number of pupils per teacher in primary school.
Primary school completion rate
Coverage      Definition
Primary completion rate, or gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, is the number of new entrants (enrollments minus repeaters) in the last grade of primary education, regardless of age, divided by the population at the entrance age for the last grade of primary education. Data limitations preclude adjusting for students who drop out during the final year of primary education.
Primary school starting age
Coverage      Definition
Primary school starting age is the age at which students would enter primary education, assuming they had started at the official entrance age for the lowest level of education, had studied full-time throughout and had progressed through the system without repeating or skipping a grade.
Ratio of female to male pupils in primary school
Coverage      Definition
Gender parity index for gross enrollment ratio in primary education is the ratio of girls to boys enrolled at primary level in public and private schools.
Ratio of female to male students in secondary school
Coverage      Definition
Gender parity index for gross enrollment ratio in secondary education is the ratio of girls to boys enrolled at secondary level in public and private schools.
Ratio of female to male students in tertiary level education
Coverage      Definition
Gender parity index for gross enrollment ratio in tertiary education is the ratio of women to men enrolled at tertiary level in public and private schools.
Preprimary school enrollment, percent of all eligible children
Coverage      Definition
Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Preprimary education refers to programs at the initial stage of organized instruction, designed primarily to introduce very young children to a school-type environment and to provide a bridge between home and school.
Primary school enrollment, percent of all eligible children
Coverage      Definition
Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Primary education provides children with basic reading, writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary understanding of such subjects as history, geography, natural science, social science, art, and music.
Secondary school enrollment, percent of all eligible children
Coverage      Definition
Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Secondary education completes the provision of basic education that began at the primary level, and aims at laying the foundations for lifelong learning and human development, by offering more subject- or skill-oriented instruction using more specialized teachers.
Tertiary school enrollment, percent of all eligible children
Coverage      Definition
Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Tertiary education, whether or not to an advanced research qualification, normally requires, as a minimum condition of admission, the successful completion of education at the secondary level.
Trained teachers in primary education, percent of total
Coverage      Definition
Trained teachers in primary education are the percentage of primary school teachers who have received the minimum organized teacher training (pre-service or in-service) required for teaching in a given country.
Globalization indexes (4 indicators)
Globalization index (0-100)
Coverage      Definition
The overall index of globalization covers the economic, social, and political dimensions of globalization. Higher values denote greater globalization.
Economic globalization index (0-100)
Coverage      Definition
Economic globalization has two dimensions: actual economic flows and restrictions to trade and capital. The sub-index on actual economic flows includes data on trade, FDI, and portfolio investment. The sub-index on restrictions takes into account hidden import barriers, mean tariff rates, taxes on international trade (as a share of current revenue), and an index of capital controls.
Political globalization index (0-100)
Coverage      Definition
The degree of political globalization is determined by the number of embassies and high commissions in a country, the number of international organizations to which the country is a member, the number of UN peace missions a country participated in, and the number of treaties signed between two or more states.
Social globalization index (0-100)
Coverage      Definition
Social globalization has three dimensions: personal contacts, information flows, and cultural proximity. The sub-index on personal contacts includes international telecom traffic, degree of tourism, transfers, foreign population, and number of international letters. The sub-index on information flows includes number of internet users, share of households with a television set, and trade in newspapers. The sub-index on cultural proximity includes trade in books and number of McDonald’s restaurants and Ikea located in a country.
Industry: Diamond production and trade (9 indicators)
Diamond production, carats
Coverage      Definition
Annual diamond production expressed in carats.
Diamond production, million USD
Coverage      Definition
Annual diamond production expressed in million USD.
Diamond production, USD per carat
Coverage      Definition
The USD value per carat of the diamonds produced in a country.
Diamond exports, carats
Coverage      Definition
Diamond exports expressed in carats.
Diamond exports, million USD
Coverage      Definition
Diamond exports expressed in million USD.
Diamond exports, USD per carat
Coverage      Definition
The USD per carat value of diamond exports.
Diamond imports, carats
Coverage      Definition
Annual diamond imports expressed in carats.
Diamond imports, million USD
Coverage      Definition
Diamond imports expressed in million USD.
Diamond imports, USD per carat
Coverage      Definition
The USD per carat value of diamond imports.
Crime statistics (5 indicators)
Kidnappings per 100,000 people
Coverage      Definition
Number of kidnappings per 100,000 people per year.
Robberies per 100,000 people
Coverage      Definition
Number of robberies per 100,000 people per year.
Number of prisoners per 100,000 people
Coverage      Definition
Number of prisoners per 100,000 people.
Thefts per 100,000 people
Coverage      Definition
Number of thefts incidents per 100,000 people per year.
Homicides per 100,000 people
Coverage      Definition
Number of homicides per 100,000 people per year.
Religious composition of the population (11 indicators)
People practicing Judaism as percent of the population
Coverage      Definition
People practicing Judaism as percent of the population.
Non religious people as percent of the population
Coverage      Definition
Non religious people as percent of the population.
Buddhists as percent of the total population
Coverage      Definition
Buddhists as percent of the total population.
Christians as percent of the total population
Coverage      Definition
Christians as percent of the total population.
People practicing Hinduism as percent of the population
Coverage      Definition
People practicing Hinduism as percent of the population.
Shia Muslims as percent of the total population
Coverage      Definition
Shia Muslims as percent of the total population.
Muslims as percent of the total population
Coverage      Definition
Muslims as percent of the total population.
Protestant Christians as percent of the total population
Coverage      Definition
Protestant Christians as percent of the total population.
Catholic Christians as percent of the total population
Coverage      Definition
Catholic Christians as percent of the total population.
Sunni Muslims as percent of the total population
Coverage      Definition
Sunni Muslims as percent of the total population.
Eastern Orthodox Christians as percent of the total population
Coverage      Definition
Eastern Orthodox Christians as percent of the total population.
Other indicators (15 indicators)
Happiness Index, 0 (unhappy) - 10 (happy)
Coverage      Definition
The Happiness ranking is part of the World Happiness Report. The country scores are based on a survey in which respondents evaluate the quality of their current lives on a scale of 0 to 10.
Human Development Index (0 - 1)
Coverage      Definition
The Human Development Index measures three basic dimensions of human development: long and healthy life, knowledge, and a decent standard of living. Four indicators are used to calculate the index: life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, and gross national income per capita.
Population size, in millions
Coverage      Definition
Total population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship. The values shown are midyear estimates.
Percent urban population
Coverage      Definition
Urban population refers to people living in urban areas as defined by national statistical offices. The data are collected and smoothed by United Nations Population Division.
Population ages 65 and above, percent of total
Coverage      Definition
Population ages 65 and above as a percentage of the total population. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship.
Population ages 0-14, percent of total
Coverage      Definition
Total population below the age of 14 as a percentage of the total population. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship.
Female population, percent of total
Coverage      Definition
Female population is the percentage of the population that is female. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship.
Competitiveness - World Economic Forum index (1-7)
Coverage      Definition
The Global Competitiveness index is composed of 12 pillars of competitiveness. The pillars are organized as followed: Basic requirements (Institutions, Infrastructure, Macroeconomic Stability, Health and Primary Education); Efficiency enhancers (Higher Education and Training, Goods Market Efficiency, Labour Market Efficiency, Financial Market Sophistication, Technological Readiness, Market Size), and Innovation and sophistication factors (Business Sophistication, Innovation).
FDI Confidence Index from A.T. Kearney (0-3)
Coverage      Definition
The FDI Confidence Index is an indicator created by A.T. Kearney, a global management consulting firm operating in 40 countries across the world. The index ranks countries on a scale from 0 to 3 based on their attractiveness for foreign direct investments. A score of 3 represents the highest level of confidence. The index is constructed using data from a survey capturing the opinions of senior executives and regional and business leaders from 27 countries with high FDI outword flows. Within the survey, the respondents are asked what is the likelihood to make a direct investment in a given country over the next three years: high, medium, low or "no interest". The individual responses are aggregated to produce a country score.
Cost of starting a business, % of income per capita
Coverage      Definition
The indicator includes all official fees and fees for legal or professional services if such services are required by law. The company law, the commercial code, and specific regulations and fee schedules are used as sources for calculating costs. The indicator excludes bribes.
The number of documents required for exporting activity
Coverage      Definition
The total number of documents required per shipment to export goods, including documents required by government ministries, customs authorities, port and container terminal authorities, health and technical control agencies, and banks. Also: all documents required by banks for the issuance or securing of a letter of credit. Documents that are renewed annually and/or that do not require renewal per shipment are not included.
The number of documents needed for importing goods
Coverage      Definition
All documents required per shipment to import goods are recorded. It is assumed that the contract has already been agreed upon and signed by both parties. Documents required for clearance by government ministries, customs authorities, port and container terminal authorities, health and technical control agencies and banks are taken into account. Since payment is by letter of credit, all documents required by banks for the issuance or securing of a letter of credit are also taken into account. Documents that are renewed annually and that do not require renewal per shipment (for example, an annual tax clearance certificate) are not included.
Military spending, in million U.S. dollars
Coverage      Definition
Military spending includes expenditure on peacekeeping, defense ministries, paramilitary forces, and military space activities. Also: military and civil personnel, including retirement pensions; operations and maintenance; procurement; military research and development; and military aid. Defense and current expenditure for past military activities, such as for veterans' benefits, demobilization, conversion, and weapon destruction, are not included.
Military spending, percent of GDP
Coverage      Definition
Military spending includes expenditure on peacekeeping, defense ministries, paramilitary forces, and military space activities. Also: military and civil personnel, including retirement pensions; operations and maintenance; procurement; military research and development; and military aid. Defense and current expenditure for past military activities, such as for veterans' benefits, demobilization, conversion, and weapon destruction, are not included.
Land area in sq. km
Coverage      Definition
Land area is a countrys total area, excluding area under inland water bodies, national claims to continental shelf, and exclusive economic zones. In most cases the definition of inland water bodies includes major rivers and lakes.
Clear selection
GDP and economic growth (8 indicators)
Economic growth
Availability      Definition
The percent change in the Gross Domestic Product from the same quarter last year using constant prices.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Availability      Definition
The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the sum of the gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. The data are in billion local currency units using current prices.
Economic growth Q-on-Q
Availability      Definition
The percent change in the Gross Domestic Product from the previous quarter using constant prices. Data are seasonally adjusted.
Consumer confidence survey
Availability      Definition
The consumer survey contains standardized questions about the financial situation of households, general economic situation, inflation, unemployment, saving, intentions of making major purchases on durable goods or purchasing or building a home or buying a car. The survey gives an opportunity to analyze the tendencies in the development of public opinions on significant economic phenomena in the country.
Business confidence survey
Availability      Definition
The business survey indicator provides information on the amount of optimism or pessimism that business managers feel about the prospects of their companies, based upon opinion surveys on developments in production, orders and stocks of finished goods and the general economic situation of the company. It can be used to monitor output growth and to anticipate turning points in economic activity.
Purchasing Managers Index (PMI), composite
Availability      Definition
The composite Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) is an indicator of economic health for manufacturing and service sectors. The purpose of the PMI is to provide information about current business conditions to company decision makers, analysts and purchasing managers. Each country PMI survey for the manufacturing or service sector is based on questionnaire responses from panels of senior purchasing executives (or similar) at over 400 companies. The composite PMI is a number from 0 to 100. A PMI above 50 represents an expansion when compared with the previous month. A PMI reading under 50 represents a contraction, and a reading at 50 indicates no change.
Purchasing Managers Index (PMI), manufacturing
Availability      Definition
The manufacturing Purchasing Managers Index (PMI) is an indicator of economic health for the manufacturing sector. The purpose of the PMI is to provide information about current business conditions to company decision makers, analysts and purchasing managers. Each country PMI survey for the manufacturing sector is based on questionnaire responses that cover the following economic variables: output, new orders, new export orders, backlogs of work, output prices, input prices, suppliers’ delivery times, stocks of finished goods, quantity of purchases, stocks of purchases, employment, future output. The manufacturing PMI is a number from 0 to 100. A PMI above 50 represents an expansion when compared with the previous month. A PMI reading under 50 represents a contraction, and a reading at 50 indicates no change.
Purchasing Managers Index (PMI), services
Availability      Definition
The services Purchasing Managers Index (PMI) is an indicator of economic health for the services sector. The purpose of the PMI is to provide information about current business conditions to company decision makers, analysts and purchasing managers. Each country PMI survey for the services sector is based on questionnaire responses that cover the following economic variables: business activity, new business, backlogs of work, prices charged, input prices, employment, expectations for activity. The services PMI is a number from 0 to 100. A PMI above 50 represents an expansion when compared with the previous month. A PMI reading under 50 represents a contraction, and a reading at 50 indicates no change.
GDP components and structure (9 indicators)
Retail sales
Availability      Definition
The retail sales index is an aggregated measure of the sales of retail goods over a stated period. Because retail sales are a measure of consumer demand for finished goods, they are a leading macroeconomic indicator of the pulse of an economy and its projected path toward expansion or contraction.
Building permits
Availability      Definition
Building permits are a type of authorization that must be granted by a government or other regulatory body before the construction of a new or existing building can legally occur.
Industrial production
Availability      Definition
The indicator shows the percent change in the index of industrial production from the same month last year. Industrial production includes mining and quarrying, manufacturing, and electricity production.
Household consumption
Availability      Definition
The market value of all goods and services, including durable products, purchased by households.
Consumption growth
Availability      Definition
The percent change in Household Consumption from the same quarter last year.
Consumption as percent of GDP
Availability      Definition
Household Consumption as percent of GDP
Investment
Availability      Definition
Gross fixed capital formation including land improvements; plant, machinery, and equipment purchases; and the construction of roads, railways, and the like, including schools, offices, hospitals, private residential dwellings, and commercial and industrial buildings.
Investment growth
Availability      Definition
The percent change in investment (Physical Capital Accumulation) from the same quarter last year.
Investment as percent of GDP
Availability      Definition
Gross fixed capital formation including land improvements; plant, machinery, and equipment purchases; and the construction of roads, railways, and the like, including schools, offices, hospitals, private residential dwellings, and commercial and industrial buildings as percent of GDP
Money and inflation (13 indicators)
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
Availability      Definition
The Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the changes in the cost of a basket of goods and services consumed by the average urban household.
Money supply (broad money)
Availability      Definition
The money supply is the total amount of currency and other liquid instruments circulating in the economy. The indicator represents the broad money that include currency outside banks; demand, time, saving, and foreign currency deposits of resident sectors other than the central government; bank and traveler's checks; and other securities such as certificates of deposit and commercial paper.
Inflation, monthly
Availability      Definition
The percentage change in the CPI from one month to the next.
Inflation, annual
Availability      Definition
Percent change in the CPI from the same month last year.
Private sector credit
Availability      Definition
Private sector credit refers to the credit extended by commercial banks and other deposit-taking institutions (excluding central banks) to private non-financial firms and households. Included are all credit institutions: domestic and foreign owned as well as private and public ones.
Business credit
Availability      Definition
Business credit includes credit extended by commercial banks and other deposit-taking institutions (excluding central banks) to private non-financial firms. Included are all credit institutions: domestic and foreign owned as well as private and public ones.
Household credit
Availability      Definition
Household credit includes credit extended by commercial banks and other deposit-taking institutions (excluding central banks) to households. Included are all credit institutions: domestic and foreign owned as well as private and public ones.
Mortgage credit
Availability      Definition
Loans provided by commercial banks for the purchase of non-commercial real estate. In billion local currency units.
Consumer credit
Availability      Definition
Loans provided by commercial banks to households and individuals for the purchase of goods and services, excluding real estate. In billion local currency units.
Deposit interest rate
Availability      Definition
The deposit interest rate is the average interest rate on one year term deposits offered by the commercial banks to the household sector.
Business credit interest rate
Availability      Definition
The business credit interest rate is the average interest rate on the loan products offered by commercial banks to non-financial corporations. The business credit is a credit specifically intended for business purposes including secured and unsecured business loans to small or large business with variable or fixed interest rate.
Mortgage credit interest rate
Availability      Definition
The mortgage credit interest rate is the average interest rate on mortgage loan products offered to individuals and households by the commercial banks in the country. The mortgage credit is a loan used to finance the purchase of real estate.
Exchange rate to USD
Availability      Definition
The amount of local currency units that can be exchanged for one USD. An increase (decrease) means USD appreciation (depreciation).
Labor markets, employment, unemployment (4 indicators)
Employment
Availability      Definition
The number of people, in millions, engaged in the economy as paid employees or as self-employed.
Unemployment rate
Availability      Definition
The unemployment rate represents the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment.
Labor cost
Availability      Definition
The index reflects the level of the total compensation of employees in the economy.
Minimum wage
Availability      Definition
Minimum wage is the minimum amount of remuneration that an employer is required to pay wage earners for the work performed during a given period, which cannot be reduced by collective agreement or an individual contract. 
International trade and investment (4 indicators)
Current account balance
Availability      Definition
The current account balance is the sum of net exports of goods and services, net primary income, and net secondary income.
Exports
Availability      Definition
Exports comprises all transactions of goods and services (sales, barter, or gifts or grants) from residents of a country to non-residents.
Foreign exchange reserves
Availability      Definition
Foreign exchange reserves consist of foreign currency, deposits denominated in foreign currency, Monetary Gold, Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) and Reserve position in the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Foreign exchange reserves are held by monetary authorities to finance trade imbalances, check the impact of foreign exchange fluctuations and address other issues under the purview of the central bank.
FDI
Availability      Definition
Foreign direct investment refers to direct investment equity flows in the reporting economy. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, and other capital. Direct investment is a category of cross-border investment associated with a resident in one economy having control or a significant degree of influence on the management of an enterprise that is resident in another economy. Ownership of 10 percent or more of the ordinary shares of voting stock is the criterion for determining the existence of a direct investment relationship.
Government spending and balances (3 indicators)
Government expenditure
Availability      Definition
Total spending by all levels of government but excluding public enterprises.
Budget balance
Availability      Definition
Revenue minus expenditure of the consolidated government.
Government debt
Availability      Definition
General government gross debt, also known as public debt, is the nominal (face) value of total gross debt outstanding at the end of the period and consolidated between and within the government subsectors. Only core debt instruments are included, defined here as comprising (i) currency and deposits; (ii) loans; and (iii) debt securities.
1960
2000
2017
2023
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A
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Aruba
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
B
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bermuda
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Brunei
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burma (Myanmar)
Burundi
 
C
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Chile
China
Colombia
Comoros
Costa Rica
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
 
D
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
 
E
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia
 
F
Faroe Islands
Fiji
Finland
France
G
Gabon
Gambia
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Gibraltar
Greece
Grenada
Guatemala
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
H
Haiti
Holy See (Vatican City)
Honduras
Hong Kong
Hungary
 
I
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Ivory Coast
 
J
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
 
K
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
 
L
Laos
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
 
M
Macao
Macedonia
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Micronesia
Moldova
Monaco
Mongolia
Montenegro
Montserrat
Morocco
Mozambique
 
N
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Norfolk Island
North Korea
Norway
 
O
Oman
 
P
Pakistan
Palau
Palestine
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
 
Q
Qatar
 
R
Republic of the Congo
Romania
Russia
Rwanda
S
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Samoa
San Marino
Sao Tome and Principe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
Somalia
South Africa
South Korea
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Syria
 
T
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Tuvalu
 
U
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
Uruguay
USA
Uzbekistan
 
V
Vanuatu
Venezuela
Vietnam
 
Y
Yemen
 
Z
Zambia
Zimbabwe
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Over 350 indicators for over 200 countries, with full documentation, updated regularly.

Sources: National Central Banks, National Statistical Institutes, The World Bank, The United Nations, U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Monetary Fund, UNESCO, Transparency International, World Federation of Exchanges, United Nations Development Program, The World Economic Forum, Natural Environment Research Council UK, FAOSTAT, International Telecommunication Union, KPMG, Freedom House, The Heritage Foundation, The Global Innovation Index Reports, A.T. Kearney, Cline Center for Democracy, KOF Swiss Economic Institute, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Kimberley Process, International Organisation of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers, Delcredere Ducroire, Credendo Group.

About us

We are a team of data analysts headed by Neven Valev (Google Scholar, LinkedIn), a Ph.D. economist with extensive research experience. The goal of TheGlobalEconomy.com is to disseminate knowledge of the world economy and to facilitate the use of international data by researchers, investors, and others. It has been online since 2012.






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