Download data: GDP growth, inflation, and other indicators

GDP and economic growth

Economic growth: the rate of change of real GDP

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Economic growth: the rate of change of real GDP

Definition: Annual percentage growth rate of GDP at market prices based on constant local currency. Aggregates are based on constant 2010 U.S. dollars. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources.

Gross Domestic Product, billions of 2010 U.S....

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Gross Domestic Product, billions of 2010 U.S. dollars

Definition: GDP at purchaser's prices is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in constant 2010 U.S. dollars. Dollar figures for GDP are converted from domestic currencies using 2010 official exchange rates. For a few countries where the official exchange rate does not reflect the rate effectively applied to actual foreign exchange transactions, an alternative conversion factor is used.

Gross Domestic Product, billions of U.S. dollars

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Gross Domestic Product, billions of U.S. dollars

Definition: GDP at purchaser's prices is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Dollar figures for GDP are converted from domestic currencies using single year official exchange rates. For a few countries where the official exchange rate does not reflect the rate effectively applied to actual foreign exchange transactions, an alternative conversion factor is used.

GDP per capita, current U.S. dollars

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GDP per capita, current U.S. dollars

Definition: GDP per capita is gross domestic product divided by midyear population. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

GDP per capita, Purchasing Power Parity

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GDP per capita, Purchasing Power Parity

Definition: GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP). PPP GDP is gross domestic product converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GDP as the U.S. dollar has in the United States. GDP at purchaser's prices is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in constant 2011 international dollars.

GDP per capita, constant 2010 dollars

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GDP per capita, constant 2010 dollars

Definition: GDP per capita is gross domestic product divided by midyear population. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in constant 2010 U.S. dollars.

Economic (GDP) growth, percent *

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Economic (GDP) growth, percent

Definition: The percent change in the Gross Domestic Product from the same quarter last year using constant prices.

Economic growth, quarterly *

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Economic growth, quarterly

Definition: The percent change in the Gross Domestic Product from the previous quarter using constant prices. Data are seasonally adjusted.

GDP, billion currency units *

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GDP, billion currency units

Definition: The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the sum of the gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. The data are in billion local currency units using current prices.

Business cycle indicators

Industrial production, annual percent change *

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Industrial production, annual percent change

Definition: The indicator shows the percent change in the index of industrial production from the same month last year. Industrial production includes mining and quarrying, manufacturing, and electricity production.

Retail sales index *

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Retail sales index

Definition: The retail sales index is an aggregated measure of the sales of retail goods over a stated period. Because retail sales are a measure of consumer demand for finished goods, they are a leading macroeconomic indicator of the pulse of an economy and its projected path toward expansion or contraction. The retail sales index measures only the volume changes, i.e. price level changes are excluded.

Retail sales Y-on-Y *

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Retail sales Y-on-Y

Definition: The retail sales Y-on-Y is an aggregated measure of the sales of retail goods over a stated period. Because retail sales are a measure of consumer demand for finished goods, they are a leading macroeconomic indicator of the pulse of an economy and its projected path toward expansion or contraction. Retail sales Y-on-Y is calculated as the percent change in the Retail sales index from the same month the previous year. The Retail sales Y-on-Y measures only volume changes, i.e. price level changes are excluded.

House price index *

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House price index

Definition: A house price index (HPI) measures the price changes of residential housing as a percentage change from some specific start date (which has HPI of 100).

Building permits *

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Building permits

Definition: Building permits are a type of authorization that must be granted by a government or other regulatory body before the construction of a new or existing building can legally occur.

Real residential property prices Y-on-Y,... *

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Real residential property prices Y-on-Y, percent change

Definition: Real residential property price measures the year-on-year percent change of property prices over time.

Business confidence survey *

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Business confidence survey

Definition: The business survey indicator provides information on the amount of optimism or pessimism that business managers feel about the prospects of their companies, based upon opinion surveys on developments in production, orders and stocks of finished goods and the general economic situation of the company. It can be used to monitor output growth and to anticipate turning points in economic activity.

Consumer confidence survey *

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Consumer confidence survey

Definition: The consumer survey contains standardized questions about the financial situation of households, general economic situation, inflation, unemployment, saving, intentions of making major purchases on durable goods or purchasing or building a home or buying a car. The survey gives an opportunity to analyze the tendencies in the development of public opinions on significant economic phenomena in the country.

Purchasing Managers Index (PMI), composite *

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Purchasing Managers Index (PMI), composite

Definition: The composite Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) is an indicator of economic health for manufacturing and service sectors. The purpose of the PMI is to provide information about current business conditions to company decision makers, analysts and purchasing managers. Each country PMI survey for the manufacturing or service sector is based on questionnaire responses from panels of senior purchasing executives (or similar) at over 400 companies. The composite PMI is a number from 0 to 100. A PMI above 50 represents an expansion when compared with the previous month. A PMI reading under 50 represents a contraction, and a reading at 50 indicates no change.

Purchasing Managers Index (PMI), manufacturing *

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Purchasing Managers Index (PMI), manufacturing

Definition: The manufacturing Purchasing Managers Index (PMI) is an indicator of economic health for the manufacturing sector. The purpose of the PMI is to provide information about current business conditions to company decision makers, analysts and purchasing managers. Each country PMI survey for the manufacturing sector is based on questionnaire responses that cover the following economic variables: output, new orders, new export orders, backlogs of work, output prices, input prices, suppliers’ delivery times, stocks of finished goods, quantity of purchases, stocks of purchases, employment, future output. The manufacturing PMI is a number from 0 to 100. A PMI above 50 represents an expansion when compared with the previous month. A PMI reading under 50 represents a contraction, and a reading at 50 indicates no change.

Purchasing Managers Index (PMI), services *

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Purchasing Managers Index (PMI), services

Definition: The services Purchasing Managers Index (PMI) is an indicator of economic health for the services sector. The purpose of the PMI is to provide information about current business conditions to company decision makers, analysts and purchasing managers. Each country PMI survey for the services sector is based on questionnaire responses that cover the following economic variables: business activity, new business, backlogs of work, prices charged, input prices, employment, expectations for activity. The services PMI is a number from 0 to 100. A PMI above 50 represents an expansion when compared with the previous month. A PMI reading under 50 represents a contraction, and a reading at 50 indicates no change.

Consumption and investment

Capital investment as percent of GDP

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Capital investment as percent of GDP

Definition: Gross capital formation (formerly gross domestic investment) consists of outlays on additions to the fixed assets of the economy plus net changes in the level of inventories. Fixed assets include land improvements (fences, ditches, drains, and so on); plant, machinery, and equipment purchases; and the construction of roads, railways, and the like, including schools, offices, hospitals, private residential dwellings, and commercial and industrial buildings. Inventories are stocks of goods held by firms to meet temporary or unexpected fluctuations in production or sales, and "work in progress." According to the 1993 SNA, net acquisitions of valuables are also considered capital formation.

Capital investment, billion USD

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Capital investment, billion USD

Definition: Gross capital formation (formerly gross domestic investment) consists of outlays on additions to the fixed assets of the economy plus net changes in the level of inventories. Fixed assets include land improvements (fences, ditches, drains, and so on); plant, machinery, and equipment purchases; and the construction of roads, railways, and the like, including schools, offices, hospitals, private residential dwellings, and commercial and industrial buildings. Inventories are stocks of goods held by firms to meet temporary or unexpected fluctuations in production or sales, and "work in progress." According to the 1993 SNA, net acquisitions of valuables are also considered capital formation. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

Household consumption as percent of GDP

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Household consumption as percent of GDP

Definition: Household final consumption expenditure (formerly private consumption) is the market value of all goods and services, including durable products (such as cars, washing machines, and home computers), purchased by households. It excludes purchases of dwellings but includes imputed rent for owner-occupied dwellings. It also includes payments and fees to governments to obtain permits and licenses. Here, household consumption expenditure includes the expenditures of nonprofit institutions serving households, even when reported separately by the country. This item also includes any statistical discrepancy in the use of resources relative to the supply of resources.

Household consumption, billion USD

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Household consumption, billion USD

Definition: Household final consumption expenditure (formerly private consumption) is the market value of all goods and services, including durable products (such as cars, washing machines, and home computers), purchased by households. It excludes purchases of dwellings but includes imputed rent for owner-occupied dwellings. It also includes payments and fees to governments to obtain permits and licenses. Here, household consumption expenditure includes the expenditures of nonprofit institutions serving households, even when reported separately by the country. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

Household debt to GDP, in percent

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Household debt to GDP, in percent

Definition: The total outstanding debt of households to banks and other financial institutions as percent of GDP.

Household consumption, billion currency units *

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Household consumption, billion currency units

Definition: The market value of all goods and services, including durable products, purchased by households.

Consumption as percent of GDP *

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Consumption as percent of GDP

Definition: Household Consumption as percent of GDP

Consumption growth *

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Consumption growth

Definition: The percent change in Household Consumption from the same quarter last year.

Investment, billion currency units *

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Investment, billion currency units

Definition: Gross fixed capital formation including land improvements; plant, machinery, and equipment purchases; and the construction of roads, railways, and the like, including schools, offices, hospitals, private residential dwellings, and commercial and industrial buildings.

Investment as percent of GDP *

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Investment as percent of GDP

Definition: Gross fixed capital formation including land improvements; plant, machinery, and equipment purchases; and the construction of roads, railways, and the like, including schools, offices, hospitals, private residential dwellings, and commercial and industrial buildings as percent of GDP

Investment growth *

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Investment growth

Definition: The percent change in investment (Physical Capital Accumulation) from the same quarter last year.

Money

Inflation: percent change in the Consumer Price...

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Inflation: percent change in the Consumer Price Index

Definition: Inflation as measured by the consumer price index reflects the annual percentage change in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at specified intervals, such as yearly. The Laspeyres formula is generally used.

Exchange rate: local currency units per U.S....

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Exchange rate: local currency units per U.S. dollar

Definition: Official exchange rate refers to the exchange rate determined by national authorities or to the rate determined in the legally sanctioned exchange market. It is calculated as an annual average based on monthly averages (local currency units relative to the U.S. dollar).

Money supply, billion currency units *

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Money supply, billion currency units

Definition: The money supply is the total amount of currency and other liquid instruments circulating in the economy. The indicator represents the broad money that include currency outside banks; demand, time, saving, and foreign currency deposits of resident sectors other than the central government; bank and traveler's checks; and other securities such as certificates of deposit and commercial paper.

Consumer Price Index (CPI) *

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Consumer Price Index (CPI)

Definition: The Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the changes in the cost of a basket of goods and services consumed by the average urban household.

Inflation, monthly percent change in the CPI *

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Inflation, monthly percent change in the CPI

Definition: The percentage change in the CPI from one month to the next.

Inflation, annual percent change in the CPI *

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Inflation, annual percent change in the CPI

Definition: Percent change in the CPI from the same month last year.

Private sector credit, billion currency units *

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Private sector credit, billion currency units

Definition: Private sector credit refers to the credit extended by commercial banks and other deposit-taking institutions (excluding central banks) to private non-financial firms and households. Included are all credit institutions: domestic and foreign owned as well as private and public ones.

Business credit, billion currency units *

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Business credit, billion currency units

Definition: Business credit includes credit extended by commercial banks and other deposit-taking institutions (excluding central banks) to private non-financial firms. Included are all credit institutions: domestic and foreign owned as well as private and public ones.

Household credit, billion currency units *

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Household credit, billion currency units

Definition: Household credit includes credit extended by commercial banks and other deposit-taking institutions (excluding central banks) to households. Included are all credit institutions: domestic and foreign owned as well as private and public ones.

Mortgage credit, billion currency units *

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Mortgage credit, billion currency units

Definition: Loans provided by commercial banks for the purchase of non-commercial real estate. In billion local currency units.

Consumer credit, billion currency units *

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Consumer credit, billion currency units

Definition: Loans provided by commercial banks to households and individuals for the purchase of goods and services, excluding real estate. In billion local currency units.

Bank deposit interest rate, percent *

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Bank deposit interest rate, percent

Definition: The deposit interest rate is the average interest rate on one year term deposits offered by the commercial banks to the household sector.

Business credit interest rate, percent *

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Business credit interest rate, percent

Definition: The business credit interest rate is the average interest rate on the loan products offered by commercial banks to non-financial corporations. The business credit is a credit specifically intended for business purposes including secured and unsecured business loans to small or large business with variable or fixed interest rate.

Mortgage credit interest rate, percent *

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Mortgage credit interest rate, percent

Definition: The mortgage credit interest rate is the average interest rate on mortgage loan products offered to individuals and households by the commercial banks in the country. The mortgage credit is a loan used to finance the purchase of real estate.

Share Price Index *

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Share Price Index

Definition: Share price indices are calculated from the prices of common shares of companies traded on national or foreign stock exchanges. They are usually determined by the stock exchange, using the closing daily values for the monthly data, and normally expressed as simple arithmetic averages of the daily data. A price index measures changes in the market capitalization of the basket of shares in the index. Share price indices reflect the corporate sector's underlying profit and growth record and also act like a barometer of investor confidence in the state of industry and the economy.

Policy rate, percent *

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Policy rate, percent

Definition: The interest rate which best captures the monetary authorities' policy intentions. Different countries have different policy interest rates. The most common are the overnight lending rate, discount rate and repurchase rate (of different maturities). In the USA the policy rate is the federal funds rate. The federal funds rate is the interest rate at which depository institutions trade federal funds (balances held at Federal Reserve Banks) with each other overnight. The federal funds rate is essentially determined by the market but is influenced by the Federal Reserve through open market operations to reach the federal funds rate target. In the Euro area the policy rate is the main refinancing operations rate. The main refinancing operations (MRO) rate is the interest rate banks pay when they borrow money from the ECB for one week. When they do this, they have to provide collateral to guarantee that the money will be paid back. The policy interest rates determine the levels of the rest of the interest rates in the economy, since it is the price at which private agents (mostly private banks) obtain money from the central bank.

Credit gap *

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Credit gap

Definition: The credit-to-GDP gap is defined as the difference between the credit-to-GDP ratio and its long-run trend, and captures the build-up of excessive credit in a reduced form fashion.

Debt service ratios for private non-financial... *

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Debt service ratios for private non-financial sector

Definition: Debt service ratio - comprising interest payments and debt amortizations as a proportion of income. The DSR is a measure of the financial constraints imposed by indebtedness.

Exchange rate, USD *

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Exchange rate, USD

Definition: The amount of local currency units that can be exchanged for one USD. An increase (decrease) means USD appreciation (depreciation).

Labor market

Labor force, million people

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Labor force, million people

Definition: Labor force comprises people ages 15 and older who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period. It includes people who are currently employed and people who are unemployed but seeking work as well as first-time job-seekers. Not everyone who works is included, however. Unpaid workers, family workers, and students are often omitted, and some countries do not count members of the armed forces. Labor force size tends to vary during the year as seasonal workers enter and leave.

Unemployment rate

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Unemployment rate

Definition: Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment.

Unemployment rate for females

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Unemployment rate for females

Definition: Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment.

Unemployment rate for males

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Unemployment rate for males

Definition: Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment.

Youth unemployment, ages 15-24

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Youth unemployment, ages 15-24

Definition: Youth unemployment refers to the share of the labor force ages 15-24 without work but available for and seeking employment.

Labor force participation rate

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Labor force participation rate

Definition: Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.

Labor force, percent female

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Labor force, percent female

Definition: Female labor force as a percentage of the total show the extent to which women are active in the labor force. Labor force comprises people ages 15 and older who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.

Female labor force participation rate

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Female labor force participation rate

Definition: Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.

Male labor force participation rate

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Male labor force participation rate

Definition: Labor force participation rate is the proportion of the population ages 15 and older that is economically active: all people who supply labor for the production of goods and services during a specified period.

Dependent people as percent of the working age...

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Dependent people as percent of the working age population

Definition: Age dependency ratio is the ratio of dependents--people younger than 15 or older than 64--to the working-age population--those ages 15-64. Data are shown as the proportion of dependents per 100 working-age population.

Employment, million people *

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Employment, million people

Definition: The number of people, in millions, engaged in the economy as paid employees or as self-employed.

Unemployment rate, percent *

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Unemployment rate, percent

Definition: The unemployment rate represents the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment.

Labor cost index *

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Labor cost index

Definition: The index reflects the level of the total compensation of employees in the economy.

Minimum wage *

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Minimum wage

Definition: Minimum wage is the minimum amount of remuneration that an employer is required to pay wage earners for the work performed during a given period, which cannot be reduced by collective agreement or an individual contract.

International trade and investment

Terms of trade, base year = 2000

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Terms of trade, base year = 2000

Definition: Net barter terms of trade index is calculated as the percentage ratio of the export unit value indexes to the import unit value indexes, measured relative to the base year 2000. Unit value indexes are based on data reported by countries that demonstrate consistency under UNCTAD quality controls, supplemented by UNCTAD's estimates using the previous year’s trade values at the Standard International Trade Classification three-digit level as weights. To improve data coverage, especially for the latest periods, UNCTAD constructs a set of average prices indexes at the three-digit product classification of the Standard International Trade Classification revision 3 using UNCTAD’s Commodity Price Statistics, international and national sources, and UNCTAD secretariat estimates and calculates unit value indexes at the country level using the current year's trade values as weights.

Trade openness: exports plus imports as percent...

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Trade openness: exports plus imports as percent of GDP

Definition: Exports plus imports as percent of GDP.

Exports of goods and services as percent of GDP

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Exports of goods and services as percent of GDP

Definition: Exports of goods and services represent the value of all goods and other market services provided to the rest of the world. They include the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services, such as communication, construction, financial, information, business, personal, and government services. They exclude compensation of employees and investment income (formerly called factor services) and transfer payments.

Exports of goods and services, billion USD

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Exports of goods and services, billion USD

Definition: Exports of goods and services represent the value of all goods and other market services provided to the rest of the world. They include the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services, such as communication, construction, financial, information, business, personal, and government services. They exclude compensation of employees and investment income (formerly called factor services) and transfer payments. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

Exports of goods and services, annual growth

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Exports of goods and services, annual growth

Definition: Annual growth rate of exports of goods and services based on constant local currency. Aggregates are based on constant 2010 U.S. dollars. Exports of goods and services represent the value of all goods and other market services provided to the rest of the world. They include the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services, such as communication, construction, financial, information, business, personal, and government services. They exclude compensation of employees and investment income (formerly called factor services) and transfer payments.

Imports of goods and services as percent of GDP

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Imports of goods and services as percent of GDP

Definition: Imports of goods and services represent the value of all goods and other market services received from the rest of the world. They include the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services, such as communication, construction, financial, information, business, personal, and government services. They exclude compensation of employees and investment income (formerly called factor services) and transfer payments.

Imports of goods and services, billion USD

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Imports of goods and services, billion USD

Definition: Imports of goods and services represent the value of all goods and other market services received from the rest of the world. They include the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services, such as communication, construction, financial, information, business, personal, and government services. They exclude compensation of employees and investment income (formerly called factor services) and transfer payments. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

Foreign Direct Investment, percent of GDP

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Foreign Direct Investment, percent of GDP

Definition: Foreign direct investment are the net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of payments. This series shows net inflows (new investment inflows less disinvestment) in the reporting economy from foreign investors, and is divided by GDP.

Foreign Direct Investment, billion USD

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Foreign Direct Investment, billion USD

Definition: Foreign direct investment refers to direct investment equity flows in the reporting economy. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, and other capital. Direct investment is a category of cross-border investment associated with a resident in one economy having control or a significant degree of influence on the management of an enterprise that is resident in another economy. Ownership of 10 percent or more of the ordinary shares of voting stock is the criterion for determining the existence of a direct investment relationship. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

Net portfolio equity inflows

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Net portfolio equity inflows

Definition: Portfolio equity includes net inflows from equity securities other than those recorded as direct investment and including shares, stocks, depository receipts (American or global), and direct purchases of shares in local stock markets by foreign investors. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

Current account balance as percent of GDP

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Current account balance as percent of GDP

Definition: Current account balance is the sum of net exports of goods and services, net primary income, and net secondary income.

Current account balance, billion USD

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Current account balance, billion USD

Definition: Current account balance is the sum of net exports of goods and services, net primary income, and net secondary income. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

Trade balance as percent of GDP

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Trade balance as percent of GDP

Definition: External balance on goods and services (formerly resource balance) equals exports of goods and services minus imports of goods and services (previously nonfactor services).

Trade balance, billion USD

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Trade balance, billion USD

Definition: Net trade in goods and services is derived by offsetting imports of goods and services against exports of goods and services. Exports and imports of goods and services comprise all transactions involving a change of ownership of goods and services between residents of one country and the rest of the world. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

Foreign exchange reserves including gold,...

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Foreign exchange reserves including gold, billion USD

Definition: Total reserves comprise holdings of monetary gold, special drawing rights, reserves of IMF members held by the IMF, and holdings of foreign exchange under the control of monetary authorities. The gold component of these reserves is valued at year-end (December 31) London prices. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

Remittances as percent of GDP

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Remittances as percent of GDP

Definition: Personal remittances comprise personal transfers and compensation of employees. Personal transfers consist of all current transfers in cash or in kind made or received by resident households to or from nonresident households. Personal transfers thus include all current transfers between resident and nonresident individuals. Compensation of employees refers to the income of border, seasonal, and other short-term workers who are employed in an economy where they are not resident and of residents employed by nonresident entities. Data are the sum of two items defined in the sixth edition of the IMF's Balance of Payments Manual: personal transfers and compensation of employees.

Remittances, million USD

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Remittances, million USD

Definition: Personal transfers consist of all current transfers in cash or in kind made or received by resident households to or from nonresident households. Personal transfers thus include all current transfers between resident and nonresident individuals. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

Current account balance, million currency units *

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Current account balance, million currency units

Definition: The current account balance is the sum of net exports of goods and services, net primary income, and net secondary income.

Exports, million currency units *

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Exports, million currency units

Definition: Exports comprises all transactions of goods and services (sales, barter, or gifts or grants) from residents of a country to non-residents.

Foreign exchange reserves, billion currency units *

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Foreign exchange reserves, billion currency units

Definition: Foreign exchange reserves consist of foreign currency, deposits denominated in foreign currency, Monetary Gold, Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) and Reserve position in the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Foreign exchange reserves are held by monetary authorities to finance trade imbalances, check the impact of foreign exchange fluctuations and address other issues under the purview of the central bank.

Foreign direct investment, million currency units *

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Foreign direct investment, million currency units

Definition: Foreign direct investment refers to direct investment equity flows in the reporting economy. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, and other capital. Direct investment is a category of cross-border investment associated with a resident in one economy having control or a significant degree of influence on the management of an enterprise that is resident in another economy. Ownership of 10 percent or more of the ordinary shares of voting stock is the criterion for determining the existence of a direct investment relationship.

Government spending and balances

Government spending as percent of GDP

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Government spending as percent of GDP

Definition: General government final consumption expenditure (formerly general government consumption) includes all government current expenditures for purchases of goods and services (including compensation of employees). It also includes most expenditures on national defense and security, but excludes government military expenditures that are part of government capital formation.

Government spending, billion USD

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Government spending, billion USD

Definition: General government final consumption expenditure (formerly general government consumption) includes all government current expenditures for purchases of goods and services (including compensation of employees). It also includes most expenditures on national defense and security, but excludes government military expenditures that are part of government capital formation. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

Government debt as percent of GDP

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Government debt as percent of GDP

Definition: Debt is the entire stock of direct government fixed-term contractual obligations to others outstanding on a particular date. It includes domestic and foreign liabilities such as currency and money deposits, securities other than shares, and loans. It is the gross amount of government liabilities reduced by the amount of equity and financial derivatives held by the government. Because debt is a stock rather than a flow, it is measured as of a given date, usually the last day of the fiscal year.

Government expenditure, billion currency units *

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Government expenditure, billion currency units

Definition: Total spending by all levels of government but excluding public enterprises.

Budget balance, million currency units *

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Budget balance, million currency units

Definition: Revenue minus expenditure of the consolidated government.

Sovereign credit ratings *

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Sovereign credit ratings

Definition: S&P includes long-term ratings from the highest AAA to the lowest D rating. Moody’s includes long-term ratings from the highest Aaa to the lowest C. Fitch includes long-term ratings from the highest AAA to the lowest D rating.

For all three credit rating agencies the ratings are divided into two large groups based on the level of credit risk: investment grade for lower levels of credit risk and speculative grade for higher levels of credit risk. For S&P and Fitch investment grade issues/issuers are those from BBB and above, while those from BB and below are categorized as speculative grade. Moody’s denotes as investment grade issues/issuers from Baa3 and above, while ratings from Ba1 and bellow fall to the category of speculative grade.

All three agencies include modifiers into to their generic alphabet-based ratings for particular ranges. S&P and Fitch ratings are modified with “+” or “-“ from the range AA to CCC. Moody’s appends numerical modifiers from 1 to 3 to the generic rating classifications from Aa to Caa. 1 indicates standing in the higher end of the generic category, while 3 indicates ranking in the lower end. All modifiers denote relative status within major rating categories.

Rating outlooks indicate the direction the rating is likely to move over a one to two year period. In determining an outlook consideration is given to any changes in fundamental business conditions. Credit watch focuses on identifiable events that cause ratings to be placed under special surveillance.

Rating Outlooks/Watches for the three agencies are the following:

- Positive means that a rating may be raised
- Negative means that a rating may be lowered
- Stable means a rating is not likely to change
- When the fundamental trend has strong, conflicting elements of both positive and negative, the outlook/watch is denoted as Developing.

Credit watches do not include Stable watch because they are only event-driven and denote higher probability of change in the rating. Credit Outlooks and Watches are mutually exclusive.

Government bond 10-year yield, percent *

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Government bond 10-year yield, percent

Definition: Government bond is a debt security issued by the Central government with a residual maturity of 10 years. This bond is backed by sovereign guarantee. The 10-year bond has the highest liquidity amongst similar maturity bonds. Once fixed, the coupon rate remains constant throughout the term of the bond. Only the yield changes commensurate with the interest rates and accordingly the price of the bond changes. There exists an inverse relationship between the bond yield and its price.

Government debt *

i

Government debt

Definition: General government gross debt, also known as public debt, is the nominal (face) value of total gross debt outstanding at the end of the period and consolidated between and within the government subsectors. Only core debt instruments are included, defined here as comprising (i) currency and deposits; (ii) loans; and (iii) debt securities.

Forecast from the IMF

Economic growth forecast

i

Economic growth forecast

Definition: Year-on-year percent changes in constant price GDP. The base year is country-specific. Expenditure-based GDP is the total final expenditure at purchasers prices including the f.o.b. value of exports of goods and services, less the f.o.b. value of imports of goods and services.

Investment forecast

i

Investment forecast

Definition: Expressed as a ratio of total investment in current local currency and GDP in current local currency. Investment or gross capital formation is measured by the total value of the gross fixed capital formation and changes in inventories and acquisitions less disposals of valuables for a unit or sector.

Inflation forecast

i

Inflation forecast

Definition: Year-on-year percentage changes in end-of-period consumer prices.

Unemployment rate forecast

i

Unemployment rate forecast

Definition: The unemployment rate is the number of unemployed persons as a percentage of the labor force (the total number of people employed plus unemployed).

Budget balance forecast, percent of GDP

i

Budget balance forecast, percent of GDP

Definition: The structural budget balance refers to the general government cyclically adjusted balance adjusted for nonstructural elements beyond the economic cycle. These include temporary financial sector and asset price movements as well as one-off, or temporary, revenue or expenditure items. The cyclically adjusted balance is the fiscal balance adjusted for the effects of the economic cycle.

Current account balance forecast, percent of GDP

i

Current account balance forecast, percent of GDP

Definition: The current account is all transactions other than those in financial and capital items. The major classifications are goods and services, income and current transfers.

Business environment

Competitiveness - World Economic Forum index (1-7)

i

Competitiveness - World Economic Forum index (1-7)

Definition: The Global Competitiveness index is composed of 12 pillars of competitiveness. The pillars are organized as followed: Basic requirements (Institutions, Infrastructure, Macroeconomic Stability, Health and Primary Education); Efficiency enhancers (Higher Education and Training, Goods Market Efficiency, Labour Market Efficiency, Financial Market Sophistication, Technological Readiness, Market Size), and Innovation and sophistication factors (Business Sophistication, Innovation).

Competitiveness - World Economic Forum index...

i

Competitiveness - World Economic Forum index (0-100)

Definition: The Global Competitiveness index is composed of 12 pillars of competitiveness: Institutions, Infrastructure, ICT adoption, Macroeconomic stability, Health, Skills, Product market, Labor market, Financial system, market size, Business, dynamism, and Innovation capability.

FDI Confidence Index from A.T. Kearney (0-3)

i

FDI Confidence Index from A.T. Kearney (0-3)

Definition: The FDI Confidence Index is an indicator created by A.T. Kearney, a global management consulting firm operating in 40 countries across the world. The index ranks countries on a scale from 0 to 3 based on their attractiveness for foreign direct investments. A score of 3 represents the highest level of confidence. The index is constructed using data from a survey capturing the opinions of senior executives and regional and business leaders from 27 countries with high FDI outword flows. Within the survey, the respondents are asked what is the likelihood to make a direct investment in a given country over the next three years: high, medium, low or "no interest". The individual responses are aggregated to produce a country score.

Cost of starting a business, % of income per...

i

Cost of starting a business, % of income per capita

Definition: The indicator includes all official fees and fees for legal or professional services if such services are required by law. The company law, the commercial code, and specific regulations and fee schedules are used as sources for calculating costs. The indicator excludes bribes.

The number of documents required for exporting...

i

The number of documents required for exporting activity

Definition: The total number of documents required per shipment to export goods, including documents required by government ministries, customs authorities, port and container terminal authorities, health and technical control agencies, and banks. Also: all documents required by banks for the issuance or securing of a letter of credit. Documents that are renewed annually and/or that do not require renewal per shipment are not included.

The number of documents needed for importing...

i

The number of documents needed for importing goods

Definition: All documents required per shipment to import goods are recorded. It is assumed that the contract has already been agreed upon and signed by both parties. Documents required for clearance by government ministries, customs authorities, port and container terminal authorities, health and technical control agencies and banks are taken into account. Since payment is by letter of credit, all documents required by banks for the issuance or securing of a letter of credit are also taken into account. Documents that are renewed annually and that do not require renewal per shipment (for example, an annual tax clearance certificate) are not included.

Shadow economy, percent of GDP

i

Shadow economy, percent of GDP

Definition: The shadow economy as percent of total annual GDP. Detailed methodology of the estimations can be obtained from the following International Monetary Fund working paper by Leandro Medina and Friedrich Schneider (2018): Shadow Economies Around the World: What Did We Learn Over the Last 20 Years?

Governance, institutions, corruption

Rule of law index (-2.5 weak; 2.5 strong)

i

Rule of law index (-2.5 weak; 2.5 strong)

Definition: The index for Rule of Law captures perceptions of the extent to which agents have confidence in and abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of contract enforcement, property rights, the police, and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime and violence.

Government effectiveness index (-2.5 weak; 2.5...

i

Government effectiveness index (-2.5 weak; 2.5 strong)

Definition: The index of Government Effectiveness captures perceptions of the quality of public services, the quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of the government's commitment to such policies.

Control of corruption (-2.5 weak; 2.5 strong)

i

Control of corruption (-2.5 weak; 2.5 strong)

Definition: The index for Control of Corruption captures perceptions of the extent to which public power is exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as well as capture of the state by elites and private interests.

Regulatory quality index (-2.5 weak; 2.5 strong)

i

Regulatory quality index (-2.5 weak; 2.5 strong)

Definition: The index of Regulatory Quality captures perceptions of the ability of the government to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector development.

Voice and accountability index (-2.5 weak; 2.5...

i

Voice and accountability index (-2.5 weak; 2.5 strong)

Definition: The index for Voice and Accountability captures perceptions of the extent to which the citizens are able to participate in selecting their government, as well as freedom of expression, freedom of association, and a free media.

Political stability index (-2.5 weak; 2.5 strong)

i

Political stability index (-2.5 weak; 2.5 strong)

Definition: The index of Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism measures perceptions of the likelihood that the government will be destabilized or overthrown by unconstitutional or violent means, including politically-motivated violence and terrorism. The index is an average of several other indexes from the Economist Intelligence Unit, the World Economic Forum, and the Political Risk Services, among others.

Corruption Perceptions Index, 100 = no corruption

i

Corruption Perceptions Index, 100 = no corruption

Definition: The Corruption Perceptions Index is an indicator of perceptions of public sector corruption, i.e. administrative and political corruption. The indicator values are determined by using information from surveys and assessments of corruption, collected by a variety of reputable institutions.

Political rights index, 7 (weak) - 1 (strong)

i

Political rights index, 7 (weak) - 1 (strong)

Definition: The Political Rights ratings from the Freedom House evaluate three categories: electoral process, political pluralism and participation, and the functioning of government. The index ranges from 1 (strong rights) to 7 (weak rights).

Civil liberties index, 7 (weak) - 1 (strong)

i

Civil liberties index, 7 (weak) - 1 (strong)

Definition: The Civil Liberties index from the Freedom House evaluate the following: freedom of expression and belief, associational and organizational rights, rule of law, and personal autonomy and individual rights. The rating ranges from 1 (strong liberties) to 7 (no liberties).

Women in parliament, percent

i

Women in parliament, percent

Definition: Women in parliaments are the percentage of parliamentary seats in a single or lower chamber held by women.

Tax rates and revenue sources

Corporate tax rate

i

Corporate tax rate

Definition: The highest statutory corporate tax rate at central government level. Rates are provided by KPMG member firms.

Personal income tax rate

i

Personal income tax rate

Definition: The highest statutory marginal tax rate applied to the taxable income of individuals. Rates are provided by KPMG member firms.

Indirect tax rate

i

Indirect tax rate

Definition: Statutory VAT rates or consumption taxes similar to a VAT. Rates are provided by KPMG member firms.

Tax revenue, percent of GDP

i

Tax revenue, percent of GDP

Definition: Tax revenue refers to compulsory transfers to the central government for public purposes. Certain compulsory transfers such as fines, penalties, and most social security contributions are excluded. Refunds and corrections of erroneously collected tax revenue are treated as negative revenue.

Tax rate, percent of commercial profits

i

Tax rate, percent of commercial profits

Definition: Total tax rate measures the amount of taxes and mandatory contributions payable by businesses after accounting for allowable deductions and exemptions as a share of commercial profits. Taxes withheld (such as personal income tax) or collected and remitted to tax authorities (such as value added taxes, sales taxes or goods and service taxes) are excluded.

Tax preparation time, in hours

i

Tax preparation time, in hours

Definition: Time to prepare and pay taxes is the time, in hours per year, it takes to prepare, file, and pay (or withhold) three major types of taxes: the corporate income tax, the value added or sales tax, and labor taxes, including payroll taxes and social security contributions.

Number of taxes paid by businesses

i

Number of taxes paid by businesses

Definition: Tax payments by businesses are the total number of taxes paid by businesses, including electronic filing. The tax is counted as paid once a year even if payments are more frequent.

Taxes on goods and services, percent of total...

i

Taxes on goods and services, percent of total revenue

Definition: Taxes on goods and services include general sales and turnover or value added taxes, selective excises on goods, selective taxes on services, taxes on the use of goods or property, taxes on extraction and production of minerals, and profits of fiscal monopolies.

Taxes on international trade, percent of total...

i

Taxes on international trade, percent of total revenue

Definition: Taxes on international trade include import duties, export duties, profits of export or import monopolies, exchange profits, and exchange taxes.

Income, profits, and capital gains taxes:...

i

Income, profits, and capital gains taxes: percent of revenue

Definition: Taxes on income, profits, and capital gains are levied on the actual or presumptive net income of individuals, on the profits of corporations and enterprises, and on capital gains, whether realized or not, on land, securities, and other assets. Intragovernmental payments are eliminated in consolidation.

Country risk indicators

Short-term political risk (1=low, 7=high)

i

Short-term political risk (1=low, 7=high)

Definition: The short-term political risk classification measures the likelihood of a risk caused by political and assimilated events connected to cross-border transactions with a risk horizon of up to 1 year. In order to assess this risk, Credendo uses a quantitative model, essentially focusing on the evolution of the liquidity situation of the debtor/obligor countries. The aim is to assess the capacity of a country to honour its short-term payment obligations. The model closely follows any deterioration or improvement in the situation of the debtor countries. Countries are classified into seven categories: from 1 (low risk) to 7 (high risk).

Medium/long-term political risk (1=low, 7=high)

i

Medium/long-term political risk (1=low, 7=high)

Definition: The medium-/long-term political risk classification measures the likelihood of a risk caused by political and assimilated events connected to cross-border transactions with a risk horizon beyond 1 year. Credendo developed a quantitative model measuring especially the countries’ solvency. It combines an assessment of the economic and financial situation, an assessment of the political situation and a payment experience analysis for each country. Countries are classified into seven categories: from 1 (low risk) to 7 (high risk).

Special transactions risk, (1=low, 7=high)

i

Special transactions risk, (1=low, 7=high)

Definition: The premium category set for political risk related to (special) cash transactions is based on Credendo’s classification for respectively short-term and medium-/long-term political risks related to credit transactions. Countries are classified into seven categories: from 1 (low risk) to 7 (high risk).

Currency incorvertibility and transfer risk,...

i

Currency incorvertibility and transfer risk, (1=low, 7=high)

Definition: The currency inconvertibility and transfer restriction risk refers to the inability to convert and transfer out of the host country any funds related to the investment. Countries are classified into seven categories: from 1 (low risk) to 7 (high risk).

Expropriation risk, (1=low, 7=high)

i

Expropriation risk, (1=low, 7=high)

Definition: The risk of expropriation encompasses all discriminatory measures taken by a host government which deprive the investor of its investment without any adequate compensation; for the purpose of analysing the expropriation risk, events of embargo, change of (legal) regime and denial of justice are included. In order to assess the expropriation risk Credendo not only assesses the risk attached to expropriation as such, but also the functioning of legal institutions in the host country and the probability of a negative change in attitude towards foreign investments. Countries are classified into seven categories: from 1 (low risk) to 7 (high risk).

Political violence risk, (1=low, 7=high)

i

Political violence risk, (1=low, 7=high)

Definition: Political Violence includes all violent act(s) undertaken with a political objective; this concept is broader than ‘war’ and includes: terrorism (political, religious and ideological objectives) and political violence damage (damage to material assets as a result of political violence); for the purposes of analysing the political violence risk, types of business interruption as a result of political violence damage are included. In order to assess the political violence risk, Credendo looks at the actual levels of internal violence in and external conflict with a country, but also at the conflict potential that arises from (lingering) internal and external tensions, frustration and dissatisfaction. Countries are classified into seven categories (from 1-low risk to 7-high risk).

External debt measures

External debt, percent of Gross National Income

i

External debt, percent of Gross National Income

Definition: Total external debt stocks to gross national income. Total external debt is debt owed to nonresidents repayable in currency, goods, or services. Total external debt is the sum of public, publicly guaranteed, and private nonguaranteed long-term debt, use of IMF credit, and short-term debt. Short-term debt includes all debt having an original maturity of one year or less and interest in arrears on long-term debt. GNI (formerly GNP) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad.

Interest rate on new external debt

i

Interest rate on new external debt

Definition: Interest represents the average interest rate on all new public and publicly guaranteed loans contracted during the year. To obtain the average, the interest rates for all public and publicly guaranteed loans have been weighted by the amounts of the loans. Public debt is an external obligation of a public debtor, including the national government, a political subdivision (or an agency of either), and autonomous public bodies. Publicly guaranteed debt is an external obligation of a private debtor that is guaranteed for repayment by a public entity.

Short-term debt, percent of total external debt

i

Short-term debt, percent of total external debt

Definition: Short-term debt includes all debt having an original maturity of one year or less and interest in arrears on long-term debt. Total external debt is debt owed to nonresidents repayable in currency, goods, or services. Total external debt is the sum of public, publicly guaranteed, and private nonguaranteed long-term debt, use of IMF credit, and short-term debt.

Maturity on new external debt

i

Maturity on new external debt

Definition: Maturity is the number of years to original maturity date, which is the sum of grace and repayment periods. Grace period for principal is the period from the date of signature of the loan or the issue of the financial instrument to the first repayment of principal. The repayment period is the period from the first to last repayment of principal. To obtain the average, the maturity for all public and publicly guaranteed loans have been weighted by the amounts of the loans. Public debt is an external obligation of a public debtor, including the national government, a political subdivision (or an agency of either), and autonomous public bodies. Publicly guaranteed debt is an external obligation of a private debtor that is guaranteed for repayment by a public entity.

Short-term external debt, percent of...

i

Short-term external debt, percent of international reserves

Definition: Short-term debt includes all debt having an original maturity of one year or less and interest in arrears on long-term debt. Total reserves includes gold.

Infrastructure and transport characteristics

Internet users, percent of population

i

Internet users, percent of population

Definition: Internet users are individuals who have used the Internet (from any location) in the last 3 months. The Internet can be used via a computer, mobile phone, personal digital assistant, games machine, digital TV etc.

Broadband internet subscribers

i

Broadband internet subscribers

Definition: Fixed broadband subscriptions refers to fixed subscriptions to high-speed access to the public Internet (a TCP/IP connection), at downstream speeds equal to, or greater than, 256 kbit/s. This includes cable modem, DSL, fiber-to-the-home/building, other fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions, satellite broadband and terrestrial fixed wireless broadband. This total is measured irrespective of the method of payment. It excludes subscriptions that have access to data communications (including the Internet) via mobile-cellular networks. It should include fixed WiMAX and any other fixed wireless technologies. It includes both residential subscriptions and subscriptions for organizations.

Fixed broadband internet subscribers per 100...

i

Fixed broadband internet subscribers per 100 people

Definition: Fixed broadband subscriptions refers to fixed subscriptions to high-speed access to the public Internet (a TCP/IP connection), at downstream speeds equal to, or greater than, 256 kbit/s. This includes cable modem, DSL, fiber-to-the-home/building, other fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions, satellite broadband and terrestrial fixed wireless broadband. This total is measured irrespective of the method of payment. It excludes subscriptions that have access to data communications (including the Internet) via mobile-cellular networks. It should include fixed WiMAX and any other fixed wireless technologies. It includes both residential subscriptions and subscriptions for organizations.

Mobile phone subscribers, in millions

i

Mobile phone subscribers, in millions

Definition: Mobile cellular telephone subscriptions are subscriptions to a public mobile telephone service that provide access to the PSTN using cellular technology. The indicator includes (and is split into) the number of postpaid subscriptions, and the number of active prepaid accounts (i.e. that have been used during the last three months). The indicator applies to all mobile cellular subscriptions that offer voice communications. It excludes subscriptions via data cards or USB modems, subscriptions to public mobile data services, private trunked mobile radio, telepoint, radio paging and telemetry services.

Mobile phone subscribers, per 100 people

i

Mobile phone subscribers, per 100 people

Definition: Mobile cellular telephone subscriptions are subscriptions to a public mobile telephone service that provide access to the PSTN using cellular technology. The indicator includes (and is split into) the number of postpaid subscriptions, and the number of active prepaid accounts (i.e. that have been used during the last three months). The indicator applies to all mobile cellular subscriptions that offer voice communications. It excludes subscriptions via data cards or USB modems, subscriptions to public mobile data services, private trunked mobile radio, telepoint, radio paging and telemetry services.

Airline passengers of domestically owned airlines

i

Airline passengers of domestically owned airlines

Definition: Air passengers carried include both domestic and international aircraft passengers of air carriers registered in the country.

Railroad lines, total length in km

i

Railroad lines, total length in km

Definition: Rail lines are the length of railway route available for train service, irrespective of the number of parallel tracks.

Volume of goods transported by railways

i

Volume of goods transported by railways

Definition: Goods transported by railway are the volume of goods transported by railway, measured in metric tons times kilometers traveled.

Railway passengers

i

Railway passengers

Definition: Passengers carried by railway are the number of passengers transported by rail times kilometers traveled.

Number of 20-foot containers passing through...

i

Number of 20-foot containers passing through the ports

Definition: Port container traffic measures the flow of containers from land to sea transport modes., and vice versa, in twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs), a standard-size container. Data refer to coastal shipping as well as international journeys. Transshipment traffic is counted as two lifts at the intermediate port (once to off-load and again as an outbound lift) and includes empty units.

Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1(low) -...

i

Quality of railroad infrastructure, 1(low) - 7(high)

Definition: The Quality of railroad infrastrucutre indicator is one of the components of the Global Competitiveness Index published annually by the World Economic Forum (WEF). It represents an assessment of the quality of the railroad system in a given country based on data from the WEF Executive Opinion Survey, a long-running and extensive survey tapping the opinions of over 14,000 business leaders in 144 countries. The score for railroad infrastrucutre quality is based on only one question. The respondents are asked to rate the railroads in their country of operation on a scale from 1 (underdeveloped) to 7 (extensive and efficient by international standards). The individual responses are aggregated to produce a country score.

New passenger car sales, numbers per year

i

New passenger car sales, numbers per year

Definition: The indicator estimates the number of new passenger car registrations and sales that took place within a country in a year. Passenger cars are road motor vehicles, other than a motor cycle, intended for the carriage of passengers and designed to seat no more than nine persons (including the driver).

New commercial vehicle sales, numbers per year

i

New commercial vehicle sales, numbers per year

Definition: The indicator estimates the number of new commercial vehicle registrations and sales that took place within a country in a year. Commercial vehicles include light commercial vehicles, heavy trucks, coaches and buses (except for some countries in which the buses or heavy trucks data are not available).

Quality of port infrastructure, 1(low) - 7(high)

i

Quality of port infrastructure, 1(low) - 7(high)

Definition: The Quality of port infrastrucutre indicator is one of the components of the Global Competitiveness Index published annually by the World Economic Forum (WEF). It represents an assessment of the quality of port facilities in a given country based on data from the WEF Executive Opinion Survey, a long-running and extensive survey tapping the opinions of over 14,000 business leaders in 144 countries. The score for port infrastrucutre quality is based on only one question. The respondents are asked to rate the port facilities and inland waterways in their country of operation on a scale from 1 (underdeveloped) to 7 (extensive and efficient by international standards). For landlocked countries, the respondents are asked to rate the access to port facilities and inland waterways on a scale from 1 (impossible) to 7 (easy). The individual responses are aggregated to produce a country score.

International Internet bandwidth per Internet...

i

International Internet bandwidth per Internet user, kb/s

Definition: International Internet bandwidth is the sum of the capacity of all Internet exchanges offering international bandwidth measured in kilobits per second (kb/s).

Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1(low)...

i

Quality of air transport infrastructure, 1(low) - 7(high)

Definition: The Quality of air transport infrastructure indicator is one of the components of the Global Competitiveness Index published annually by the World Economic Forum (WEF). It represents an assessment of the quality of airports in a given country based on data from the WEF Executive Opinion Survey, a long-running and extensive survey tapping the opinions of over 14,000 business leaders in 144 countries. The score for air transport infrastructure quality is based on only one question. The respondents are asked to rate the passenger air transport in their country of operation on a scale from 1 (underdeveloped) to 7 (extensive and efficient by international standards). The individual responses are aggregated to produce a country score.

Mobile network coverage, percent of the population

i

Mobile network coverage, percent of the population

Definition: Mobile network coverage measures the percentage of inhabitants who are within range of a mobile cellular signal, irrespective of whether or not they are subscribers. This is calculated by dividing the number of inhabitants within range of a mobile cellular signal by the total population.

Quality of roads, 1(low) - 7(high)

i

Quality of roads, 1(low) - 7(high)

Definition: The Road quality indicator is one of the components of the Global Competitiveness Index published annually by the World Economic Forum (WEF). It represents an assessment of the quality of roads in a given country based on data from the WEF Executive Opinion Survey, a long-running and extensive survey tapping the opinions of over 14,000 business leaders in 144 countries. The road quality indicator score is based on only one question. The respondents are asked to rate the roads in their country of operation on a scale from 1 (underdeveloped) to 7 (extensive and efficient by international standards). The individual responses are aggregated to produce a country score.

Energy and environment

Gasoline prices at the pump, in dollars per liter

i

Gasoline prices at the pump, in dollars per liter

Definition: Fuel prices refer to the pump prices of the most widely sold grade of gasoline. Prices have been converted from the local currency to U.S. dollars.

Diesel prices at the pump, in dollars per liter

i

Diesel prices at the pump, in dollars per liter

Definition: Fuel prices refer to the pump prices of the most widely sold grade of diesel fuel. Prices have been converted from the local currency to U.S. dollars.

Energy use per capita

i

Energy use per capita

Definition: Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport.

Alternative and nuclear energy, percent of...

i

Alternative and nuclear energy, percent of total energy use

Definition: Renewable energy consumption is the share of renewables energy in total final energy consumption.

Energy use per $1000 of GDP

i

Energy use per $1000 of GDP

Definition: Energy use per PPP GDP is the kilogram of oil equivalent of energy use per constant PPP GDP. Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport. PPP GDP is gross domestic product converted to 2011 constant international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GDP as a U.S. dollar has in the United States.

Electricity production from renewable sources,...

i

Electricity production from renewable sources, million kWh

Definition: Electricity production from renewable sources, excluding hydroelectric, includes geothermal, solar, tides, wind, biomass, and biofuels.

Carbon dioxide emissions, thousands of tonnes

i

Carbon dioxide emissions, thousands of tonnes

Definition: Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.

Carbon dioxide emissions per capita

i

Carbon dioxide emissions per capita

Definition: Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring.

GDP per unit of energy used

i

GDP per unit of energy used

Definition: GDP per unit of energy use is the PPP GDP per kilogram of oil equivalent of energy use. PPP GDP is gross domestic product converted to 2011 constant international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GDP as a U.S. dollar has in the United States.

Energy imports as percent of total energy use

i

Energy imports as percent of total energy use

Definition: Net energy imports are estimated as energy use less production, both measured in oil equivalents. A negative value indicates that the country is a net exporter. Energy use refers to use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels, which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport.

Income from natural resources, percent of GDP

i

Income from natural resources, percent of GDP

Definition: Total natural resources rents are the sum of oil rents, natural gas rents, coal rents (hard and soft), mineral rents, and forest rents.

Revenue minus production cost of oil, percent...

i

Revenue minus production cost of oil, percent of GDP

Definition: Oil rents are the difference between the value of crude oil production at world prices and total costs of production.

Revenue minus production cost of natural gas,...

i

Revenue minus production cost of natural gas, percent of GDP

Definition: Natural gas rents are the difference between the value of natural gas production at world prices and total costs of production.

Access to electricity, percent of the population

i

Access to electricity, percent of the population

Definition: Access to electricity is the percentage of population with access to electricity. Electrification data are collected from industry, national surveys and international sources.

Industry: Oil, coal, and electricity

Oil reserves, billion barrels

i

Oil reserves, billion barrels

Definition: Proved reserves of crude oil are the estimated quantities of all liquids defined as crude oil, which geological and engineering data demonstrate with reasonable certainty to be recoverable in future years from reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions.

Gasoline production, thousand barrels per day

i

Gasoline production, thousand barrels per day

Definition: Gasoline production includes production of: conventional gasoline; all types of oxygenated gasoline, including gasohol; and reformulated gasoline; but excludes production of aviation gasoline. Volumetric data on blending components, such as oxygenates, are not counted in data on finished motor gasoline until the blending components are blended into the gasoline.

Jet fuel production, thousand barrels per day

i

Jet fuel production, thousand barrels per day

Definition: The indicator estimates the volume of jet fuel produced within a country expressed in thousand barrels per day. Jet fuel is a refined petroleum product used in jet aircraft engines and it includes kerosene-type jet fuel and naphtha-type jet fuel.

Liquefied petroleum gas production, thousand...

i

Liquefied petroleum gas production, thousand barrels per day

Definition: Liquefied petroleum gases include ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, normal butane, butylene, isobutane, and isobutylene. The Liquefied Petroleum Gases production also includes, where data are available, liquefied petroleum gases sold directly from natural gas processing plants for fuel or chemical uses and pentanes plus.

Oil consumption, thousand barrels per day

i

Oil consumption, thousand barrels per day

Definition: Oil consumption (Total petroleum consumption) includes internal consumption, refinery fuel and loss, and bunkering. Also included, where available, is direct combustion of crude oil.

Gasoline consumption, thousand barrels per day

i

Gasoline consumption, thousand barrels per day

Definition: Gasoline consumption includes the consumption of: conventional gasoline; all types of oxygenated gasoline, including gasohol; and reformulated gasoline; but excludes the consumption of aviation gasoline. Volumetric data on blending components, such as oxygenates, are not counted in the data on finished motor gasoline until the blending components are blended into the gasoline.

Jet fuel consumption, thousand barrels per day

i

Jet fuel consumption, thousand barrels per day

Definition: The indicator estimates the volume of jet fuel consumed within a country expressed in thousand barrels per day. Jet fuel is a refined petroleum product used in jet aircraft engines and it includes kerosene-type jet fuel and naphtha-type jet fuel.

Liquefied petroleum gas consumption, thousand...

i

Liquefied petroleum gas consumption, thousand barrels per day

Definition: Liquefied petroleum gases include ethane, ethylene, propane, propylene, normal butane, butylene, isobutane, and isobutylene. The Liquefied Petroleum Gases consumption also includes, where data are available, liquefied petroleum gases sold directly from natural gas processing plants for fuel or chemical uses and pentanes plus.

Coal reserves, million short tons

i

Coal reserves, million short tons

Definition: Proven reserves of coal in million short tons. A short ton equals exactly 2,000 pounds or 907.18 kilograms.

Coal production, thousand short tons

i

Coal production, thousand short tons

Definition: Total primary coal production (Coal includes anthracite, subanthracite, bituminous, subbituminous, lignite, brown coal, and oil shale.)

Coal consumption, thousand short tons

i

Coal consumption, thousand short tons

Definition: Coal consumption includes anthracite, subanthracite, bituminous, subbituminous, lignite, brown coal, and oil shale. It also includes net imports of metallurgical coke.

Coal imports, thousand short tons

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Coal imports, thousand short tons

Definition: Amount of foreign coal shipped to the country.

Coal exports, thousand short tons

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Coal exports, thousand short tons

Definition: Amount of coal shipped to foreign destinations.

Electricity production, billion kilowatthours

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Electricity production, billion kilowatthours

Definition: Total electricity net generation (Net generation excludes the energy consumed by the generating units)

Electricity consumption, billion kilowatthours

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Electricity consumption, billion kilowatthours

Definition: Total Electricity Net Consumption = total net electricity generation + electricity imports - electricity exports – electricity transmission and distribution losses. Net consumption excludes the energy consumed by the generating units.

Electricity production capacity, million kilowatts

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Electricity production capacity, million kilowatts

Definition: Total Electricity Installed Capacity (Million Kilowatts)

Electricity imports, billion kilowatthours

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Electricity imports, billion kilowatthours

Definition: Annual import of electricity in billion kWh.

Electricity exports, billion kilowatthours

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Electricity exports, billion kilowatthours

Definition: Annual export of electricity in billion kWh.

Renewable power capacity, million kilowatts

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Renewable power capacity, million kilowatts

Definition: Total capacity to produce electricity from renewable resources in million kilowatts.

Renewable power generation, billion kilowatthours

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Renewable power generation, billion kilowatthours

Definition: Total Renewables Electricity Net Generation (Net generation excludes the energy consumed by the generating units and also excludes generation from hydroelectric pumped storage)

Oil production, thousand barrels per day

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Oil production, thousand barrels per day

Definition: Oil production, thousand barrels per day

Energy mix

Fossil fuels electricity capacity, million...

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Fossil fuels electricity capacity, million kilowatts

Definition: Installed capacity to produce electricity from fossil fuels including oil, coal, and natural gas.

Fossil fuels electricity generation, billion...

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Fossil fuels electricity generation, billion kilowatthours

Definition: Billion kilowatthours of electricity generated from fossil fuels including oil, coal, and natural gas.

Wind electricity capacity, million kilowatts

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Wind electricity capacity, million kilowatts

Definition: Installed capacity to produce electricity from wind in million kilowatts.

Wind electricity generation, billion kilowatthours

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Wind electricity generation, billion kilowatthours

Definition: Billion kilowatthours of electricity generated from wind.

Solar electricity capacity, million kilowatts

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Solar electricity capacity, million kilowatts

Definition: Installed capacity to produce electricity from sunlight in million kilowatts.

Solar electricity generation, billion...

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Solar electricity generation, billion kilowatthours

Definition: Billion kilowatthours of electricity generated from sunlight.

Hydroelectricity capacity, million kilowatts

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Hydroelectricity capacity, million kilowatts

Definition: Installed capacity to produce hydroelectricity in million kilowatts.

Hydroelectricity generation, billion kilowatthours

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Hydroelectricity generation, billion kilowatthours

Definition: Hydroelectric generation excludes generation from hydroelectric pumped storage.

Nuclear electricity capacity, million kilowatts

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Nuclear electricity capacity, million kilowatts

Definition: Installed capacity to produce hydroelectricity in million kilowatts.

Nuclear power generation, billion kilowatthours

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Nuclear power generation, billion kilowatthours

Definition: Nuclear electricity net generation (Net generation excludes the energy consumed by the generating units)

Geothermal electricity capacity, million kilowatts

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Geothermal electricity capacity, million kilowatts

Definition: Installed capacity to produce geothermal electricity in million kilowatts.

Geothermal electricity generation, billion...

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Geothermal electricity generation, billion kilowatthours

Definition: Billion kilowatthours of geothermal electricity generated.

Agriculture sector

Forest area, percent of total land area

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Forest area, percent of total land area

Definition: Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees of at least 5 meters in situ, whether productive or not, and excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems (for example, in fruit plantations and agroforestry systems) and trees in urban parks and gardens.

Percent agricultural land

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Percent agricultural land

Definition: Agricultural land refers to the share of land area that is arable, under permanent crops, and under permanent pastures. Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded. Land under permanent crops is land cultivated with crops that occupy the land for long periods and need not be replanted after each harvest, such as cocoa, coffee, and rubber. This category includes land under flowering shrubs, fruit trees, nut trees, and vines, but excludes land under trees grown for wood or timber. Permanent pasture is land used for five or more years for forage, including natural and cultivated crops.

Employment in agriculture, % of total employment

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Employment in agriculture, % of total employment

Definition: Employment is defined as persons of working age who were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or profit, whether at work during the reference period or not at work due to temporary absence from a job, or to working-time arrangement. The agriculture sector consists of activities in agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing, in accordance with division 1 (ISIC 2) or categories A-B (ISIC 3) or category A (ISIC 4).

Value added in the agricultural sector as...

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Value added in the agricultural sector as percent of GDP

Definition: Agriculture corresponds to ISIC divisions 1-5 and includes forestry, hunting, and fishing, as well as cultivation of crops and livestock production. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3 or 4.

Agriculture value added, billion USD

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Agriculture value added, billion USD

Definition: Agriculture corresponds to International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) divisions 1-5, while the origin of value added is determined by the ISIC, revision 3. Agriculture value added is the net output of the agriculture sector, including forestry, hunting and fishing, and cultivation of crops and livestock production, after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. Deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets and depletion and degradation of natural resources are not included in the calculation. Values are in billion U.S. dollars.

Agricultural land, sq. km.

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Agricultural land, sq. km.

Definition: Agricultural land refers to the share of land area that is arable, under permanent crops, and under permanent pastures. Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded. Land under permanent crops is land cultivated with crops that occupy the land for long periods and need not be replanted after each harvest, such as cocoa, coffee, and rubber. This category includes land under flowering shrubs, fruit trees, nut trees, and vines, but excludes land under trees grown for wood or timber. Permanent pasture is land used for five or more years for forage, including natural and cultivated crops.

Crop production index (2004-2006 = 100)

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Crop production index (2004-2006 = 100)

Definition: Crop production index shows agricultural production for each year relative to the base period 2004-2006. It includes all crops except fodder crops. Regional and income group aggregates for the FAO's production indexes are calculated from the underlying values in international dollars, normalized to the base period 2004-2006.

Precipitation, mm per year

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Precipitation, mm per year

Definition: Average precipitation is the long-term average in depth (over space and time) of annual precipitation in the country. Precipitation is defined as any kind of water that falls from clouds as a liquid or a solid.

Arable land, percent of total land area

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Arable land, percent of total land area

Definition: Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded.

Cereal yield, kg per hectar

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Cereal yield, kg per hectar

Definition: Cereal yield, measured as kilograms per hectare of harvested land, includes wheat, rice, maize, barley, oats, rye, millet, sorghum, buckwheat, and mixed grains. Production data on cereals relate to crops harvested for dry grain only. Cereal crops harvested for hay or harvested green for food, feed, or silage and those used for grazing are excluded. The FAO allocates production data to the calendar year in which the bulk of the harvest took place. Most of a crop harvested near the end of a year will be used in the following year.

Food production index (2004-2006 = 100)

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Food production index (2004-2006 = 100)

Definition: Food production index covers food crops that are considered edible and that contain nutrients. Coffee and tea are excluded because, although edible, they have no nutritive value.

Rural population, percent of total population

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Rural population, percent of total population

Definition: Rural population refers to people living in rural areas as defined by national statistical offices. It is calculated as the difference between total population and urban population.

Fertilizer use, kg per hectare of arable land

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Fertilizer use, kg per hectare of arable land

Definition: Fertilizer consumption measures the quantity of plant nutrients used per unit of arable land. Fertilizer products cover nitrogenous, potash, and phosphate fertilizers (including ground rock phosphate). Traditional nutrients--animal and plant manures--are not included. For the purpose of data dissemination, FAO has adopted the concept of a calendar year (January to December). Some countries compile fertilizer data on a calendar year basis, while others are on a split-year basis. Arable land includes land defined by the FAO as land under temporary crops (double-cropped areas are counted once), temporary meadows for mowing or for pasture, land under market or kitchen gardens, and land temporarily fallow. Land abandoned as a result of shifting cultivation is excluded.

Livestock production index (2004-2006 = 100)

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Livestock production index (2004-2006 = 100)

Definition: Livestock production index includes meat and milk from all sources, dairy products such as cheese, and eggs, honey, raw silk, wool, and hides and skins.

Forest area, sq. km

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Forest area, sq. km

Definition: Forest area is land under natural or planted stands of trees of at least 5 meters in situ, whether productive or not, and excludes tree stands in agricultural production systems (for example, in fruit plantations and agroforestry systems) and trees in urban parks and gardens.

Banking system access

ATM machines per 100,000 adults

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ATM machines per 100,000 adults

Definition: Number of ATMs per 100,000 adults. Automated teller machines are computerized telecommunications devices that provide clients of a financial institution with access to financial transactions in a public place.

Bank accounts per 1000 adults

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Bank accounts per 1000 adults

Definition: Number of depositors with commercial banks per 1,000 adults.

Firms using bank credit to finance investment,...

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Firms using bank credit to finance investment, percent of all firms

Definition: Percentage of firms using banks to finance purchases of fixed assets.

Percent of people aged 15+ who have a credit card

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Percent of people aged 15+ who have a credit card

Definition: The percentage of respondents with a credit card (% age 15+). The data are from the World bank Global Financial Inclusion survey.

Small firms with bank credit, percent of all...

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Small firms with bank credit, percent of all small firms

Definition: Percentage of small firms (5-19 workers) in the formal sector with a line of credit or a loan from a (formal) financial institution, such as a bank, credit union, microfinance institution, or cooperative.

Percent of people aged 15+ who have a debit card

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Percent of people aged 15+ who have a debit card

Definition: The percentage of respondents with a debit card (% age 15+). Data are from the World Bank Global Financial Inclusion survey.

Bank concentration: percent of bank assets held...

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Bank concentration: percent of bank assets held by top three banks

Definition: Raw data are from Bankscope. (Sum(data2025) for three largest banks in Bankscope) / (Sum(data2025) for all banks in Bankscope). Only reported if number of banks in Bankscope is 3 or more. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope.

Bank branches per 100,000 people

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Bank branches per 100,000 people

Definition: Number of commercial bank branches per 100,000 adults.

Banking system stability

Non-performing loans as percent of all bank loans

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Non-performing loans as percent of all bank loans

Definition: Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans are the value of nonperforming loans divided by the total value of the loan portfolio (including nonperforming loans before the deduction of specific loan-loss provisions). The loan amount recorded as nonperforming should be the gross value of the loan as recorded on the balance sheet, not just the amount that is overdue.

Bank credit as percent of bank deposits

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Bank credit as percent of bank deposits

Definition: The financial resources provided to the private sector by domestic money banks as a share of total deposits. Domestic money banks comprise commercial banks and other financial institutions that accept transferable deposits, such as demand deposits. Total deposits include demand, time and saving deposits in deposit money banks.

Banking system z-scores

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Banking system z-scores

Definition: The index captures the probability of default of a country's banking system. Z-score compares the buffer of a country's banking system (capitalization and returns) with the volatility of those returns. It is estimated as (ROA+(equity/assets))/sd(ROA); sd(ROA) is the standard deviation of ROA. ROA, equity, and assets are country-level aggregate figures. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope.

Bank liquid assets to deposits and short-term...

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Bank liquid assets to deposits and short-term funding

Definition: The ratio of the value of liquid assets (easily converted to cash) to short-term funding plus total deposits. Liquid assets include cash and due from banks, trading securities and at fair value through income, loans and advances to banks, reverse repos and cash collaterals. Deposits and short term funding includes total customer deposits (current, savings and term) and short term borrowing (money market instruments, CDs and other deposits).

Banking system capital, percent of assets

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Banking system capital, percent of assets

Definition: Ratio of bank capital and reserves to total assets. Capital and reserves include funds contributed by owners, retained earnings, general and special reserves, provisions, and valuation adjustments. Capital includes tier 1 capital (paid-up shares and common stock), which is a common feature in all countries' banking systems, and total regulatory capital, which includes several specified types of subordinated debt instruments that need not be repaid if the funds are required to maintain minimum capital levels (these comprise tier 2 and tier 3 capital). Total assets include all nonfinancial and financial assets. Reported by IMF staff. Note that due to differences in national accounting, taxation, and supervisory regimes, these data are not strictly comparable across countries.

Banking system regulatory capital to...

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Banking system regulatory capital to risk-weighted assets

Definition: The capital adequacy of deposit takers. It is a ratio of total regulatory capital to its assets held, weighted according to the risk of those assets.

Banking system efficiency

Bank overhead costs, percent of total assets

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Bank overhead costs, percent of total assets

Definition: Operating expenses of a bank as a share of the value of all assets held. Total assets include total earning assets, cash and due from banks, foreclosed real estate, fixed assets, goodwill, other intangibles, current tax assets, deferred tax assets, discontinued operations and other assets. The numerator and denominator are first aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope.

Bank lending-deposit interest rate spread

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Bank lending-deposit interest rate spread

Definition: Difference between the lending rate and the deposit rate. The lending rate is the rate charged by banks on loans to the private sector and the deposit interest rate is the rate offered by commercial banks on three-month deposits.

Bank return on assets, in percent

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Bank return on assets, in percent

Definition: Commercial banks’ pre-tax income to yearly averaged total assets. The numerator and denominator are first aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope.

Bank return on equity, in percent

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Bank return on equity, in percent

Definition: Commercial banks’ pre-tax income to yearly averaged equity. The numerator and denominator are first aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope.

Bank non-interest income to total income, in...

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Bank non-interest income to total income, in percent

Definition: Bank’s income that has been generated by noninterest related activities as a percentage of total income (net-interest income plus noninterest income). Noninterest related income includes net gains on trading and derivatives, net gains on other securities, net fees and commissions and other operating income. The number is only calculated when net-interest income is not negative. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope.

Bank interest revenue, percent of...

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Bank interest revenue, percent of interest-bearing assets

Definition: Accounting value of bank's net interest revenue as a share of its average interest-bearing (total earning) assets. The numerator and denominator are aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope.

Bank cost to income ratio, in percent

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Bank cost to income ratio, in percent

Definition: Operating expenses of a bank as a share of the sum of net-interest revenue and other operating income. The numerator and denominator are first aggregated on the country level before division. Note that banks used in the calculation might differ between indicators. Calculated from underlying bank-by-bank unconsolidated data from Bankscope.

Banking system depth

Bank credit to the private non-financial... *

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Bank credit to the private non-financial sector, percent of GDP

Definition: Bank credit to the private non-financial sector expressed as percent of GDP.

Total credit to government sector, percent of GDP *

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Total credit to government sector, percent of GDP

Definition: Total credit is the amount of credit available to the government sector from financial institutions. It consists of the total amount of combined funds that are provided to the government by financial companies.

Total credit to the private non-financial... *

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Total credit to the private non-financial sector, percent of GDP

Definition: Total credit is the amount of credit available to the private non-financial sector from a banking institution. It consists of the total amount of combined funds that financial institutions provide to this sector.

Total credit to non-financial corporations,... *

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Total credit to non-financial corporations, percent of GDP

Definition: Total credit to non-financial corporations refers to resources provided to the these corporations by financial institutions.

Total credit to households, percent of GDP *

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Total credit to households, percent of GDP

Definition: Total credit is the amount of credit available to households from financial institutions. It consists of the total amount of combined funds that are provided to individuals by financial companies.

Bank credit to the private sector as percent of...

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Bank credit to the private sector as percent of GDP

Definition: Domestic credit to private sector by banks refers to financial resources provided to the private sector by other depository corporations (deposit taking corporations except central banks), such as through loans, purchases of nonequity securities, and trade credits and other accounts receivable, that establish a claim for repayment. For some countries these claims include credit to public enterprises.

Liquid liabilities, percent of GDP

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Liquid liabilities, percent of GDP

Definition: Ratio of liquid liabilities to GDP. Liquid liabilities are also known as broad money, or M3. They are the sum of currency and deposits in the central bank (M0), plus transferable deposits and electronic currency (M1), plus time and savings deposits, foreign currency transferable deposits, certificates of deposit, and securities repurchase agreements (M2), plus travelers checks, foreign currency time deposits, commercial paper, and shares of mutual funds or market funds held by residents.

Bank assets, percent of GDP

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Bank assets, percent of GDP

Definition: Total assets held by deposit money banks as a share of GDP. Assets include claims on domestic real nonfinancial sector which includes central, state and local governments, nonfinancial public enterprises and private sector. Deposit money banks comprise commercial banks and other financial institutions that accept transferable deposits, such as demand deposits.

Domestic credit to the private sector, percent...

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Domestic credit to the private sector, percent of GDP

Definition: Domestic credit to private sector refers to financial resources provided to the private sector, such as through loans, purchases of nonequity securities, and trade credits and other accounts receivable, that establish a claim for repayment. For some countries these claims include credit to public enterprises.

Bank credit to government and public...

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Bank credit to government and public enterprises, percent of GDP

Definition: Raw data are from the electronic version of the IMF’s International Financial Statistics. (IFS line 22A + line 22B + line 22C) / GDP. Local currency GDP is from IFS (line 99B..ZF or, if not available, line 99B.CZF).

Financial system deposits, percent of GDP

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Financial system deposits, percent of GDP

Definition: Demand, time and saving deposits in deposit money banks and other financial institutions as a share of GDP.

Banking system: other indicators

Interest rates on bank credit to the private...

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Interest rates on bank credit to the private sector

Definition: Lending rate is the bank rate that usually meets the short- and medium-term financing needs of the private sector. This rate is normally differentiated according to creditworthiness of borrowers and objectives of financing. The terms and conditions attached to these rates differ by country, however, limiting their comparability.

Real interest rate: Bank lending rate minus...

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Real interest rate: Bank lending rate minus inflation

Definition: Real interest rate is the lending interest rate adjusted for inflation as measured by the GDP deflator. The terms and conditions attached to lending rates differ by country, however, limiting their comparability.

Credit information sharing index, 0 (low) - 8...

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Credit information sharing index, 0 (low) - 8 (high)

Definition: Depth of credit information index measures rules affecting the scope, accessibility, and quality of credit information available through public or private credit registries. The index ranges from 0 to 8, with higher values indicating the availability of more credit information, from either a public registry or a private bureau, to facilitate lending decisions.

Index of legal rights for creditors and...

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Index of legal rights for creditors and borrowers (0 = weak to 12 = strong)

Definition: Strength of legal rights index measures the degree to which collateral and bankruptcy laws protect the rights of borrowers and lenders and thus facilitate lending. The index ranges from 0 to 12, with higher scores indicating that these laws are better designed to expand access to credit.

Foreign bank assets as percent of the total...

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Foreign bank assets as percent of the total bank assets

Definition: Percentage of the total banking assets that are held by foreign banks. A foreign bank is a bank where 50 percent or more of its shares are owned by foreigners.

Stock market development

Stock market capitalization as percent of GDP

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Stock market capitalization as percent of GDP

Definition: Market capitalization (also known as market value) is the share price times the number of shares outstanding (including their several classes) for listed domestic companies. Investment funds, unit trusts, and companies whose only business goal is to hold shares of other listed companies are excluded. Data are end of year values.

Stock market capitalization, billion USD

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Stock market capitalization, billion USD

Definition: Market capitalization (also known as market value) is the share price times the number of shares outstanding (including their several classes) for listed domestic companies. Investment funds, unit trusts, and companies whose only business goal is to hold shares of other listed companies are excluded. Data are end of year values.

Stock market turnover ratio

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Stock market turnover ratio

Definition: Turnover ratio is the value of domestic shares traded divided by their market capitalization. The value is annualized by multiplying the monthly average by 12.

Number of companies listed on the stock exchange

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Number of companies listed on the stock exchange

Definition: Listed domestic companies, including foreign companies which are exclusively listed, are those which have shares listed on an exchange at the end of the year. Investment funds, unit trusts, and companies whose only business goal is to hold shares of other listed companies, such as holding companies and investment companies, regardless of their legal status, are excluded. A company with several classes of shares is counted once. Only companies admitted to listing on the exchange are included.

Stock market value traded, percent of GDP

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Stock market value traded, percent of GDP

Definition: The value of shares traded is the total number of shares traded, both domestic and foreign, multiplied by their respective matching prices. Figures are single counted (only one side of the transaction is considered). Companies admitted to listing and admitted to trading are included in the data. Data are end of year values.

Mutual fund assets, percent of GDP

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Mutual fund assets, percent of GDP

Definition: Ratio of assets of mutual funds to GDP. A mutual fund is a type of managed collective investment scheme that pools money from many investors to purchase securities. Data taken from a variety of sources such as Investment Company Institute and national sources.

Stock market return, percent

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Stock market return, percent

Definition: Stock market return is the growth rate of annual average stock market index. Annual average stock market index is constructed by taking the average of the daily stock market indexes available at Bloomberg.

Stock market capitalization w/o top 10 firms,...

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Stock market capitalization w/o top 10 firms, percent of total market cap

Definition: Value of listed shares outside of the top ten largest companies to total value of all listed shares.

Stock market value traded w/o top 10 firms, %...

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Stock market value traded w/o top 10 firms, % of total value traded

Definition: Value of all traded shares outside of the top ten largest traded companies as a share of total value of all traded shares in a stock market exchange. WFE provides data on the exchange level. This variable is aggregated up to the country level by taking a simple average over exchanges.

Stock price volatility, percent

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Stock price volatility, percent

Definition: Stock price volatility is the average of the 360-day volatility of the national stock market index.

Investment financed with equity or stock sales,...

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Investment financed with equity or stock sales, percent of total investment

Definition: The estimated proportion of purchases of fixed assets that was financed by the owners’ contribution or issue of new equity shares.

Insurance, non-banks and pensions

Nonbank financial institutions assets, percent...

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Nonbank financial institutions assets, percent of GDP

Definition: ...Claims on domestic real nonfinancial sector by other financial institutions as a share of GDP, calculated using the following deflation method: {(0.5)*[Ft/P_et + Ft-1/P_et-1]}/[GDPt/P_at] where F is other financial institutions' claims, P_e is end-of period CPI, and P_a is average annual CPI. Raw data are from the IMF’s International Financial Statistics.

Life insurance premium volume, percent of GDP

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Life insurance premium volume, percent of GDP

Definition: Ratio of life insurance premium volume to GDP. Premium volume is the insurer's direct premiums earned (if Property/Casualty) or received (if Life/Health) during the previous calendar year. Premium data are taken from various issues of Sigma reports (Swiss Re). Data on GDP in US dollars is from the electronic version of the World Development Indicators.

Non-life insurance premium volume, percent of GDP

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Non-life insurance premium volume, percent of GDP

Definition: Ratio of non-life insurance premium volume to GDP. Premium volume is the insurer's direct premiums earned (if Property/Casualty) or received (if Life/Health) during the previous calendar year. Premium data are taken from various issues of Sigma reports (Swiss Re). Data on GDP in US dollars is from the electronic version of the World Development Indicators.

Pension fund assets as percent of GDP

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Pension fund assets as percent of GDP

Definition: Ratio of assets of pension funds to GDP. A pension fund is any plan, fund, or scheme that provides retirement income. Data taken from a variety of sources such as OECD, AIOS, FIAP and national sources.

Insurance company assets, percent of GDP

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Insurance company assets, percent of GDP

Definition: Ratio of assets of insurance companies to GDP. Data taken from a variety of sources such as AXCO and national sources.

Innovation measures

Innovations index (0-100)

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Innovations index (0-100)

Definition: The Global Innovation Index includes two sub-indices: the Innovation Input Sub-Index and the Innovation Output Sub-Index. The first sub-index is based on five pillars: Institutions, Human capital and research, Infrastructure, Market sophistication, and Business sophistication. The second sub-index is based on two pillars: Knowledge and technology outputs and Creative outputs. Each pillar is divided into sub-pillars and each sub-pillar is composed of individual indicators.

Research and development expenditure, percent...

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Research and development expenditure, percent of GDP

Definition: Gloss domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percent of GDP. They include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.

Information technology exports, percent of...

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Information technology exports, percent of total goods exports

Definition: Information and communication technology goods exports include computers and peripheral equipment, communication equipment, consumer electronic equipment, electronic components, and other information and technology goods (miscellaneous).

High technology exports

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High technology exports

Definition: High-technology exports are products with high R&D intensity, such as in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinery. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

High tech exports, percent of manufactured exports

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High tech exports, percent of manufactured exports

Definition: High-technology exports are products with high R&D intensity, such as in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, and electrical machinery.

Patent applications by residents

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Patent applications by residents

Definition: Patent applications are worldwide patent applications filed through the Patent Cooperation Treaty procedure or with a national patent office for exclusive rights for an invention--a product or process that provides a new way of doing something or offers a new technical solution to a problem. A patent provides protection for the invention to the owner of the patent for a limited period, generally 20 years.

Economic freedom indexes

Property rights index (0-100)

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Property rights index (0-100)

Definition: The property rights index measures the degree to which a country’s laws protect private property rights and the degree to which its government enforces those laws. It also assesses the likelihood that private property will be expropriated and analyzes the independence of the judiciary, the existence of corruption within the judiciary, and the ability of individuals and businesses to enforce contracts. Higher index values denote more certain legal protection of property.

Freedom from corruption index (0-100)

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Freedom from corruption index (0-100)

Definition: The score for the Freedom of corruption index is derived primarily from Transparency International’s Corruption Perceptions Index. For countries that are not covered in the CPI the freedom from corruption score is determined by using information from internationally recognized and reliable sources. Higher index values denote lower level of corruption.

Fiscal freedom index (0-100)

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Fiscal freedom index (0-100)

Definition: The Fiscal freedom index measures the tax burden imposed by government. It is composed of three quantitative factors: the top marginal tax rate on individual income, the top marginal tax rate on corporate income, and the total tax burden as a percentage of GDP.

Business freedom index (0-100)

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Business freedom index (0-100)

Definition: The Business freedom index is based on 10 indicators, using data from the World Bank’s Doing Business study: Starting a business-procedures (number), time (days), cost (% of income per capita), and minimum capital (% of income per capita); Obtaining a license—procedures (number), time (days), and cost (% of income per capita); Closing a business—time (years), cost (% of estate), and recovery rate (cents on the dollar).

Labor freedom index (0-100)

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Labor freedom index (0-100)

Definition: The Labor freedom index is composed of six quantitative factors: ratio of minimum wage to the average value added per worker, hindrance to hiring additional workers, rigidity of hours, difficulty of firing redundant employees, legally mandated notice period, and mandatory severance pay. The index is based on data collected in connection with the World Bank’s Doing Business study.

Monetary freedom index (0-100)

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Monetary freedom index (0-100)

Definition: The score for the Monetary freedom index is based on two factors: the weighted average inflation rate for the most recent three years and price controls. Higher index values denote price stability without microeconomic intervention.

Trade freedom index (0-100)

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Trade freedom index (0-100)

Definition: The Trade freedom index is based on two indicators: the trade-weighted average tariff rate and non-tariff barriers (including quantity, price, regulatory, customs and investment restrictions, and direct government intervention).

Investment freedom index (0-100)

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Investment freedom index (0-100)

Definition: The Investment freedom index evaluates a variety of investment restrictions (burdensome bureaucracy, restrictions on land ownership, expropriation of investments without fair compensation, foreign exchange controls, capital control, security problems, a lack of basic investment infrastructure, etc.). Points are deducted from the ideal score of 100 for each of the restrictions found in a country’s investment regime.

Financial freedom index (0-100)

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Financial freedom index (0-100)

Definition: The Financial freedom index evaluates: the extent of government regulation of financial services, the degree of state intervention in banks and other financial firms through direct and indirect ownership, the extent of financial and capital market development, government influence on the allocation of credit and openness to foreign competition. Higher index values denote banking efficiency and independence from government control and interference in the financial sector.

Economic freedom, overall index (0-100)

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Economic freedom, overall index (0-100)

Definition: The Overall index of economic freedom has ten components grouped into four broad categories: Rule of Law; Limited Government; Regulatory Efficiency and Open Markets. The overall economic freedom is scored on a scale of 0 to 100, where 100 represents the maximum freedom.

Health spending and outcomes

Health spending per capita

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Health spending per capita

Definition: Current expenditures on health per capita in current US dollars. Estimates of current health expenditures include healthcare goods and services consumed during each year.

Health spending as percent of GDP

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Health spending as percent of GDP

Definition: Level of current health expenditure expressed as a percentage of GDP. Estimates of current health expenditures include healthcare goods and services consumed during each year. This indicator does not include capital health expenditures such as buildings, machinery, IT and stocks of vaccines for emergency or outbreaks.

Life expectancy, in years

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Life expectancy, in years

Definition: Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life.

The number of crude births per 1000 people, per...

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The number of crude births per 1000 people, per year

Definition: Crude birth rate indicates the number of live births occurring during the year, per 1,000 population estimated at midyear. Subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate provides the rate of natural increase, which is equal to the rate of population change in the absence of migration.

Death rate, per 1000 people

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Death rate, per 1000 people

Definition: Crude death rate indicates the number of deaths occurring during the year, per 1,000 population estimated at midyear. Subtracting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate provides the rate of natural increase, which is equal to the rate of population change in the absence of migration.

Fertility rate, births per woman

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Fertility rate, births per woman

Definition: Total fertility rate represents the number of children that would be born to a woman if she were to live to the end of her childbearing years and bear children in accordance with age-specific fertility rates of the specified year.

Prevalence of HIV, percent of the population...

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Prevalence of HIV, percent of the population ages 15-49

Definition: Prevalence of HIV refers to the percentage of people ages 15-49 who are infected with HIV.

Cases of Tuberculosis per 100,000 people

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Cases of Tuberculosis per 100,000 people

Definition: Incidence of tuberculosis is the estimated number of new and relapse tuberculosis cases arising in a given year, expressed as the rate per 100,000 population. All forms of TB are included, including cases in people living with HIV. Estimates for all years are recalculated as new information becomes available and techniques are refined, so they may differ from those published previously.

Percent rural population with access to...

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Percent rural population with access to drinking water

Definition: The percentage of people using drinking water from an improved source that is accessible on premises, available when needed and free from faecal and priority chemical contamination. Improved water sources include piped water, boreholes or tubewells, protected dug wells, protected springs, and packaged or delivered water.

Percent urban population with access to...

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Percent urban population with access to drinking water

Definition: Access to an improved water source, urban, refers to the percentage of the urban population using an improved drinking water source. The improved drinking water source includes piped water on premises (piped household water connection located inside the users' dwelling, plot or yard), and other improved drinking water sources (public taps or standpipes, tube wells or boreholes, protected dug wells, protected springs, and rainwater collection).

Suicide mortality rate, per 100,000 population

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Suicide mortality rate, per 100,000 population

Definition: Suicide mortality rate is the number of suicide deaths in a year per 100,000 population.

Inequality and poverty

Gini income inequality index

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Gini income inequality index

Definition: Gini index measures the extent to which the distribution of income (or, in some cases, consumption expenditure) among individuals or households within an economy deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages of total income received against the cumulative number of recipients, starting with the poorest individual or household. The Gini index measures the area between the Lorenz curve and a hypothetical line of absolute equality, expressed as a percentage of the maximum area under the line. Thus a Gini index of 0 represents perfect equality, while an index of 100 implies perfect inequality.

Poverty, percent of population

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Poverty, percent of population

Definition: National poverty headcount ratio is the percentage of the population living below the national poverty lines. National estimates are based on population-weighted subgroup estimates from household surveys.

Poverty ratio, percent living on less than 1.90...

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Poverty ratio, percent living on less than 1.90 USD a day

Definition: Poverty headcount ratio at $1.90 a day is the percentage of the population living on less than $1.90 a day at 2011 international prices. As a result of revisions in PPP exchange rates, poverty rates for individual countries cannot be compared with poverty rates reported in earlier editions.

Poverty ratio, percent living on less than 5.50...

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Poverty ratio, percent living on less than 5.50 USD a day

Definition: Poverty headcount ratio at $5.50 a day is the percentage of the population living on less than $5.50 a day at 2011 international prices. As a result of revisions in PPP exchange rates, poverty rates for individual countries cannot be compared with poverty rates reported in earlier editions.

Percent income earned by the top 10 percent of...

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Percent income earned by the top 10 percent of earners

Definition: Percentage share of income or consumption is the share that accrues to subgroups of population indicated by deciles or quintiles.

Education spending and outcomes

Public spending on education, percent of GDP

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Public spending on education, percent of GDP

Definition: General government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers) is expressed as a percentage of GDP. It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. General government usually refers to local, regional and central governments.

Public spending on education, percent of public...

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Public spending on education, percent of public spending

Definition: General government expenditure on education (current, capital, and transfers) is expressed as a percentage of total general government expenditure on all sectors (including health, education, social services, etc.). It includes expenditure funded by transfers from international sources to government. General government usually refers to local, regional and central governments.

Literacy rate

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Literacy rate

Definition: Adult literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15 and above who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.

Female literacy rate, ages 15-24

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Female literacy rate, ages 15-24

Definition: Youth literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15-24 who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.

Male literacy rate, ages 15-24

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Male literacy rate, ages 15-24

Definition: Youth literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15-24 who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.

Youth literacy rate, ages 15-24

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Youth literacy rate, ages 15-24

Definition: Youth literacy rate is the percentage of people ages 15-24 who can both read and write with understanding a short simple statement about their everyday life.

Student teacher ratio, primary school

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Student teacher ratio, primary school

Definition: Primary school pupil-teacher ratio is the average number of pupils per teacher in primary school.

Primary school completion rate

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Primary school completion rate

Definition: Primary completion rate, or gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, is the number of new entrants (enrollments minus repeaters) in the last grade of primary education, regardless of age, divided by the population at the entrance age for the last grade of primary education. Data limitations preclude adjusting for students who drop out during the final year of primary education.

Primary school starting age

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Primary school starting age

Definition: Primary school starting age is the age at which students would enter primary education, assuming they had started at the official entrance age for the lowest level of education, had studied full-time throughout and had progressed through the system without repeating or skipping a grade.

Ratio of female to male pupils in primary school

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Ratio of female to male pupils in primary school

Definition: Gender parity index for gross enrollment ratio in primary education is the ratio of girls to boys enrolled at primary level in public and private schools.

Ratio of female to male students in secondary...

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Ratio of female to male students in secondary school

Definition: Gender parity index for gross enrollment ratio in secondary education is the ratio of girls to boys enrolled at secondary level in public and private schools.

Ratio of female to male students in tertiary...

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Ratio of female to male students in tertiary level education

Definition: Gender parity index for gross enrollment ratio in tertiary education is the ratio of women to men enrolled at tertiary level in public and private schools.

Preprimary school enrollment, percent of all...

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Preprimary school enrollment, percent of all eligible children

Definition: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Preprimary education refers to programs at the initial stage of organized instruction, designed primarily to introduce very young children to a school-type environment and to provide a bridge between home and school.

Primary school enrollment, percent of all...

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Primary school enrollment, percent of all eligible children

Definition: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Primary education provides children with basic reading, writing, and mathematics skills along with an elementary understanding of such subjects as history, geography, natural science, social science, art, and music.

Secondary school enrollment, percent of all...

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Secondary school enrollment, percent of all eligible children

Definition: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Secondary education completes the provision of basic education that began at the primary level, and aims at laying the foundations for lifelong learning and human development, by offering more subject- or skill-oriented instruction using more specialized teachers.

Tertiary school enrollment, percent of all...

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Tertiary school enrollment, percent of all eligible children

Definition: Gross enrollment ratio is the ratio of total enrollment, regardless of age, to the population of the age group that officially corresponds to the level of education shown. Tertiary education, whether or not to an advanced research qualification, normally requires, as a minimum condition of admission, the successful completion of education at the secondary level.

Trained teachers in primary education, percent...

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Trained teachers in primary education, percent of total

Definition: Trained teachers in primary education are the percentage of primary school teachers who have received the minimum organized teacher training (pre-service or in-service) required for teaching in a given country.

Globalization indexes

Globalization index (0-100)

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Globalization index (0-100)

Definition: The overall index of globalization covers the economic, social, and political dimensions of globalization. Higher values denote greater globalization.

Economic globalization index (0-100)

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Economic globalization index (0-100)

Definition: Economic globalization has two dimensions: actual economic flows and restrictions to trade and capital. The sub-index on actual economic flows includes data on trade, FDI, and portfolio investment. The sub-index on restrictions takes into account hidden import barriers, mean tariff rates, taxes on international trade (as a share of current revenue), and an index of capital controls.

Political globalization index (0-100)

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Political globalization index (0-100)

Definition: The degree of political globalization is determined by the number of embassies and high commissions in a country, the number of international organizations to which the country is a member, the number of UN peace missions a country participated in, and the number of treaties signed between two or more states.

Social globalization index (0-100)

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Social globalization index (0-100)

Definition: Social globalization has three dimensions: personal contacts, information flows, and cultural proximity. The sub-index on personal contacts includes international telecom traffic, degree of tourism, transfers, foreign population, and number of international letters. The sub-index on information flows includes number of internet users, share of households with a television set, and trade in newspapers. The sub-index on cultural proximity includes trade in books and number of McDonald’s restaurants and Ikea located in a country.

Shares of world totals

Percent of world population

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Percent of world population

Definition: The population share of a particular country is measured as its population as percent of the total world population in a given year. Total population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin. The values shown are midyear estimates.

Percent of world GDP

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Percent of world GDP

Definition: We calculated the world GDP as the sum of the GDP of all countries expressed in current USD. The share of GDP is the GDP of a particular country as percent of the world GDP. GDP at purchaser's prices is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Data are in current U.S. dollars. Dollar figures for GDP are converted from domestic currencies using single year official exchange rates. For a few countries where the official exchange rate does not reflect the rate effectively applied to actual foreign exchange transactions, an alternative conversion factor is used.

Percent of world exports

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Percent of world exports

Definition: The share of world exports equals the exports of a particular country as percent of the total exports of all countries around the world. Exports of goods and services represent the value of all goods and other market services provided to the rest of the world. They include the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services, such as communication, construction, financial, information, business, personal, and government services. They exclude compensation of employees and investment income (formerly called factor services) and transfer payments. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

Percent of world imports

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Percent of world imports

Definition: The share of world exports equals the exports of a particular country as percent of the total exports of all countries around the world. Imports of goods and services represent the value of all goods and other market services received from the rest of the world. They include the value of merchandise, freight, insurance, transport, travel, royalties, license fees, and other services, such as communication, construction, financial, information, business, personal, and government services. They exclude compensation of employees and investment income (formerly called factor services) and transfer payments. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

Percent of world Foreign Direct Investment

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Percent of world Foreign Direct Investment

Definition: Foreign direct investment refers to direct investment equity flows in the reporting economy. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, and other capital. Direct investment is a category of cross-border investment associated with a resident in one economy having control or a significant degree of influence on the management of an enterprise that is resident in another economy. Ownership of 10 percent or more of the ordinary shares of voting stock is the criterion for determining the existence of a direct investment relationship. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

Percent of world oil reserves

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Percent of world oil reserves

Definition: The share of world oil reserves is calculated as the proven oil reserves of a country as percent of the total proven oil reserves for the world.

Economic structure

Value added by industry as percent of GDP

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Value added by industry as percent of GDP

Definition: Industry corresponds to ISIC divisions 10-45 and includes manufacturing (ISIC divisions 15-37). It comprises value added in mining, manufacturing (also reported as a separate subgroup), construction, electricity, water, and gas. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3 or 4.

Value added by the manufacturing sector as...

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Value added by the manufacturing sector as percent of GDP

Definition: Manufacturing refers to industries belonging to ISIC divisions 15-37. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3. Note: For VAB countries, gross value added at factor cost is used as the denominator.

Value added in the services sector as percent...

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Value added in the services sector as percent of GDP

Definition: Services correspond to ISIC divisions 50-99 and they include value added in wholesale and retail trade (including hotels and restaurants), transport, and government, financial, professional, and personal services such as education, health care, and real estate services. Also included are imputed bank service charges, import duties, and any statistical discrepancies noted by national compilers as well as discrepancies arising from rescaling. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The industrial origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3 or 4.

Industry value added, billion USD

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Industry value added, billion USD

Definition: Industry corresponds to ISIC divisions 10-45 and includes manufacturing (ISIC divisions 15-37). It comprises value added in mining, manufacturing (also reported as a separate subgroup), construction, electricity, water, and gas. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

Manufacturing value added, billion USD

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Manufacturing value added, billion USD

Definition: Manufacturing refers to industries belonging to ISIC divisions 15-37. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

Services value added, billion USD

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Services value added, billion USD

Definition: Services correspond to ISIC divisions 50-99. They include value added in wholesale and retail trade (including hotels and restaurants), transport, and government, financial, professional, and personal services such as education, health care, and real estate services. Also included are imputed bank service charges, import duties, and any statistical discrepancies noted by national compilers as well as discrepancies arising from rescaling. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural resources. The industrial origin of value added is determined by the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision 3 or 4. Data are in constant 2010 U.S. dollars.

Savings as percent of GDP

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Savings as percent of GDP

Definition: Gross savings are calculated as gross national income less total consumption, plus net transfers.

Savings, billion USD

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Savings, billion USD

Definition: Gross savings are calculated as gross national income less total consumption, plus net transfers. Data are in current U.S. dollars.

Industry: Diamond production and trade

Diamond production, carats

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Diamond production, carats

Definition: Annual diamond production expressed in carats.

Diamond production, million USD

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Diamond production, million USD

Definition: Annual diamond production expressed in million USD.

Diamond production, USD per carat

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Diamond production, USD per carat

Definition: The USD value per carat of the diamonds produced in a country.

Diamond exports, carats

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Diamond exports, carats

Definition: Diamond exports expressed in carats.

Diamond exports, million USD

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Diamond exports, million USD

Definition: Diamond exports expressed in million USD.

Diamond exports, USD per carat

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Diamond exports, USD per carat

Definition: The USD per carat value of diamond exports.

Diamond imports, carats

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Diamond imports, carats

Definition: Annual diamond imports expressed in carats.

Diamond imports, million USD

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Diamond imports, million USD

Definition: Diamond imports expressed in million USD.

Diamond imports, USD per carat

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Diamond imports, USD per carat

Definition: The USD per carat value of diamond imports.

Crime statistics

Kidnappings per 100,000 people

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Kidnappings per 100,000 people

Definition: Number of kidnappings per 100,000 people per year.

Robberies per 100,000 people

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Robberies per 100,000 people

Definition: Number of robberies per 100,000 people per year.

Number of prisoners per 100,000 people

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Number of prisoners per 100,000 people

Definition: Number of prisoners per 100,000 people.

Thefts per 100,000 people

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Thefts per 100,000 people

Definition: Number of thefts incidents per 100,000 people per year.

Homicides per 100,000 people

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Homicides per 100,000 people

Definition: Number of homicides per 100,000 people per year.

Religious composition of the population

People practicing Judaism as percent of the...

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People practicing Judaism as percent of the population

Definition: People practicing Judaism as percent of the population.

Non religious people as percent of the population

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Non religious people as percent of the population

Definition: Non religious people as percent of the population.

Buddhists as percent of the total population

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Buddhists as percent of the total population

Definition: Buddhists as percent of the total population.

Christians as percent of the total population

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Christians as percent of the total population

Definition: Christians as percent of the total population.

People practicing Hinduism as percent of the...

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People practicing Hinduism as percent of the population

Definition: People practicing Hinduism as percent of the population.

Shia Muslims as percent of the total population

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Shia Muslims as percent of the total population

Definition: Shia Muslims as percent of the total population.

Muslims as percent of the total population

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Muslims as percent of the total population

Definition: Muslims as percent of the total population.

Protestant Christians as percent of the total...

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Protestant Christians as percent of the total population

Definition: Protestant Christians as percent of the total population.

Catholic Christians as percent of the total...

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Catholic Christians as percent of the total population

Definition: Catholic Christians as percent of the total population.

Sunni Muslims as percent of the total population

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Sunni Muslims as percent of the total population

Definition: Sunni Muslims as percent of the total population.

Eastern Orthodox Christians as percent of the...

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Eastern Orthodox Christians as percent of the total population

Definition: Eastern Orthodox Christians as percent of the total population.

Fragile state index

Fragile state index, 0 (low) - 120 (high)

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Fragile state index, 0 (low) - 120 (high)

Definition: The Fragile States Index measures the vulnerability in pre-conflict, active conflict and post-conflict situations. The index comprises twelve conflict risk indicators that are used to measure the condition of a state at any given moment: security apparatus, factionalized elites, group grievance, economic decline, uneven economic development, human flight and brain drain, state legitimacy, public services, human rights and rule of law, demographic pressures, refugees and IDPs, and external intervention. The higher the value of the index, the more "fragile" the country is.

Security threats index, 0 (low) - 10 (high)

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Security threats index, 0 (low) - 10 (high)

Definition: The Security apparatus indicator considers the security threats to a state, such as bombings, attacks and battle-related deaths, rebel movements, mutinies, coups, or terrorism. The Security аpparatus also takes into account serious criminal factors, such as organized crime and homicides, and perceived trust of citizens in domestic security. The higher the value of the indicator, the more the threats in the state.

Factionalized elites index, 0 (low) - 10 (high)

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Factionalized elites index, 0 (low) - 10 (high)

Definition: The Factionalized elites indicator considers the fragmentation of state institutions along ethnic, class, clan, racial or religious lines, as well as and brinksmanship and gridlock between ruling elites. The higher the value, the more fragmented are the institutions in the country.

Group grievance index, 0 (low) - 10 (high)

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Group grievance index, 0 (low) - 10 (high)

Definition: The Group Grievance Indicator focuses on divisions and schisms between different groups in society – particularly divisions based on social or political characteristics – and their role in access to services or resources, and inclusion in the political process. The higher the value of the indicator, the higher the division of the societal groups in the country.

Economic decline index, 0 (low) - 10 (high)

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Economic decline index, 0 (low) - 10 (high)

Definition: The Economic decline indicator considers factors related to economic decline within a country. For example, the indicator looks at patterns of progressive economic decline of the society as a whole as measured by per capita income, Gross National Product, unemployment rates, inflation, productivity, debt, poverty levels, or business failures. It also takes into account sudden drops in commodity prices, trade revenue, or foreign investment, and any collapse or devaluation of the national currency. The higher the value of the indicator, the greater the economic decline in the country.

Uneven economic development index, 0 (low) - 10...

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Uneven economic development index, 0 (low) - 10 (high)

Definition: The Uneven economic development indicator considers inequality within the economy, irrespective of the actual performance of an economy. The higher the value of the index, the higher the inequality in the country's economy.

Human flight and brain drain index, 0 (low) -...

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Human flight and brain drain index, 0 (low) - 10 (high)

Definition: The Human flight and brain drain indicator considers the economic impact of human displacement (for economic or political reasons) and the consequences this may have on a country’s development. The higher the index, the greater the human displacement.

State legitimacy index, 0 (high) - 10 (low)

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State legitimacy index, 0 (high) - 10 (low)

Definition: The State legitimacy indicator considers the representativeness and openness of government and its relationship with its citizenry. The indicator looks at the population’s level of confidence in state institutions and processes, and assesses the effects where that confidence is absent, manifested through mass public demonstrations, sustained civil disobedience, or the rise of armed insurgencies. The higher the value of the index, the lower the country's legitimacy.

Public services index, 0 (high) - 10 (low)

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Public services index, 0 (high) - 10 (low)

Definition: The Public services indicator refers to the presence of basic state functions that serve the people. This may include the provision of essential services, such as health, education, water and sanitation, transport infrastructure, electricity and power, and internet and connectivity. On the other hand, it may include the state’s ability to protect its citizens, such as from terrorism and violence, through perceived effective policing. The higher the value of the indicator, the worse the public services in the country.

Human rights and rule of law index, 0 (high) -...

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Human rights and rule of law index, 0 (high) - 10 (low)

Definition: The Human rights and rule of law indicator considers the relationship between the state and its population insofar as fundamental human rights are protected and freedoms are observed and respected. The higher the indicator's value, the less protected are the human rights and the rule of law in the country.

Demographic pressures, 0 (low) - 10 (high)

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Demographic pressures, 0 (low) - 10 (high)

Definition: The Demographic pressures indicator considers pressures upon the state deriving from the population itself or the environment around it. For example, the indicator measures population pressures related to food supply, access to safe water, and other life-sustaining resources, or health, such as the prevalence of disease and epidemics. The higher the indicator's value, the higher the demographic pressures in the country.

Refugees and displaced persons index, 0 (low) -...

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Refugees and displaced persons index, 0 (low) - 10 (high)

Definition: The Refugees and internally displaced persons indicator measures the pressure upon states caused by the forced displacement of large communities as a result of social, political, environmental or other causes, measuring displacement within countries, as well as refugee flows into others. The higher the value of the indicator, the higher the refugee flow in the country.

External interventions index, 0 (low) - 10 (high)

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External interventions index, 0 (low) - 10 (high)

Definition: The External Intervention Indicator considers the influence and impact of external actors in the functioning – particularly security and economic – of a state. The higher the indicator's value, the greater the external interventions in the country.

Other indicators

Local supplier quantity index, 1(low) to 7(high)

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Local supplier quantity index, 1(low) to 7(high)

Definition:

Happiness Index, 0 (unhappy) - 10 (happy)

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Happiness Index, 0 (unhappy) - 10 (happy)

Definition: The Happiness ranking is part of the World Happiness Report. The country scores are based on a survey in which respondents evaluate the quality of their current lives on a scale of 0 to 10.

Human Development Index (0 - 1)

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Human Development Index (0 - 1)

Definition: The Human Development Index measures three basic dimensions of human development: long and healthy life, knowledge, and a decent standard of living. Four indicators are used to calculate the index: life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, and gross national income per capita.

Population size, in millions

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Population size, in millions

Definition: Total population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship. The values shown are midyear estimates.

Percent urban population

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Percent urban population

Definition: Urban population refers to people living in urban areas as defined by national statistical offices. The data are collected and smoothed by United Nations Population Division.

Population ages 65 and above, percent of total

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Population ages 65 and above, percent of total

Definition: Population ages 65 and above as a percentage of the total population. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship.

Population ages 0-14, percent of total

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Population ages 0-14, percent of total

Definition: Total population below the age of 14 as a percentage of the total population. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship.

Female population, percent of total

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Female population, percent of total

Definition: Female population is the percentage of the population that is female. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship.

Military spending, in million U.S. dollars

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Military spending, in million U.S. dollars

Definition: Military spending includes expenditure on peacekeeping, defense ministries, paramilitary forces, and military space activities. Also: military and civil personnel, including retirement pensions; operations and maintenance; procurement; military research and development; and military aid. Defense and current expenditure for past military activities, such as for veterans' benefits, demobilization, conversion, and weapon destruction, are not included.

Military spending, percent of GDP

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Military spending, percent of GDP

Definition: Military spending includes expenditure on peacekeeping, defense ministries, paramilitary forces, and military space activities. Also: military and civil personnel, including retirement pensions; operations and maintenance; procurement; military research and development; and military aid. Defense and current expenditure for past military activities, such as for veterans' benefits, demobilization, conversion, and weapon destruction, are not included.

Land area in sq. km

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Land area in sq. km

Definition: Land area is a country's total area, excluding area under inland water bodies, national claims to continental shelf, and exclusive economic zones. In most cases the definition of inland water bodies includes major rivers and lakes.

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